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In mathematics, a '''relative scalar''' (of weight&nbsp;''w'') is a [[scalar-valued function]] whose transform under a coordinate transform, ...sdate=19 April 2011 | format=Paperback | chapter=4 | page=103}}</ref> A '''scalar density''' refers to the <math>w=1</math> case. ...

...tities]] that cannot be expressed by a single number (a [[scalar (physics)|scalar]]), or to elements of some [[vector space]]s. They have to be expressed by ...displacement (geometry)|displacement]]s, [[force]]s and [[velocity]]. Such quantities are represented by [[geometric vector]]s in the same way as [[distance]]s, ...

...rvation points (from Topocentric Equatorial Coordinate System) and general physical data. Calculate common scalar quantity (scalar triple product), take the dot product of the first observational unit vecto ...

...ffat's [[scalar–tensor–vector gravity]] attribute MONDian behavior to some scalar fields. GVT is the first example wherein the MONDian behavior is mapped to The physical geometry, as seen by particles, represents the [[Finsler geometry]]–Randers ...

...[[quantum field theory]], [[internal symmetries]] also result in conserved quantities. For example, the [[U(1)]] [[gauge transformation]] of [[Quantum electrodyn |journal=[[Physical Review]] ...

...mixed layer, the major part of CBL, has a nearly constant distribution of quantities such as [[potential temperature]], [[wind]] speed, moisture and [[Measures ...nsport is used to simulate the vertical profiles and temporal variation of quantities of interest, because of the randomness and the unknown physics of turbulenc ...

...ent.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> The notation can also be used for quantities that are surrounded by [[parentheses]] (e.g., <math>5(2)</math> or <math>(5 ...ion" of a numerical value and a [[physical quantity]], and of two physical quantities, for example, three times <math>\pi</math> would be written as <math>3\pi</ ...

...are universal values and characterize the singular properties of physical quantities. The ferromagnetic transition of the Ising model establishes an important [ ...math>M_{3,4}</math>. In d=4, it is the [[scalar field theory|free massless scalar theory]] (also referred to as [[mean field theory]]). These two theories ar ...

{{Infobox physical quantity ...' is the [[speed]] in combination with the direction of [[motion]] of an [[physical object|object]]. Velocity is a fundamental concept in [[kinematics]], the b ...

===Physical quantities with manifest Pomeranchuk criterion=== Many physical quantities in Fermi liquid theory are simple expressions of components of Landau param ...

While the viscous stresses are generated by physical phenomena that depend strongly on the nature of the medium, the viscous str ==Physical causes of viscous stress== ...

...ets: a chiral supermultiplet consisting of a complex [[scalar field theory|scalar field]] and its Majorana spinor superpartner, and a [[vector field|vector]] ...icular, most of the structure is fixed by three arbitrary functions of the scalar fields.<ref name="Freedmann">{{cite book|last1=Freedman|first1=D.Z.|author- ...

...nd [[engineering]], particularly for describing transportation of physical quantities and deformation of matter in [[fluid mechanics]] and [[continuum mechanics] The quantities ''g_ij'', ''g^ij'' are defined as<ref name=Simmonds/>{{ ...

...<ref>{{cite book|last=Longhurst|first=Richard Samuel|title=Geometrical And Physical Optics|date=1986|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=8125016236|pages=651}}</re ...econd identity]] to derive the solution to the homogeneous [[wave equation|scalar wave equation]], to a spherical wave with some approximations. ...

===Initial quantities=== ===Electric quantities=== ...

{{Short description|Physical quantities taking values at each point in space and time}} ...M |doi=10.1007/s00016-002-8357-5|s2cid=27691986 }}</ref> An example of a [[scalar field]] is a weather map, with the surface [[temperature]] described by ass ...

...es with a restricted repulsive barrier of equatorial photon motion|journal=Physical Review D|date=2008 |volume=58 |page=084003|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/17/21/312| ...Sitter spacetime, Penrose process and the generalized area theorem|journal=Physical Review D|date=2018 |volume=97 |issue=8 |page=084049 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.9 ...

...fusion equation]] describes the flow of heat, particles, or other physical quantities in situations where there is both [[diffusion]] and [[convection]] or [[adv ...the characteristic Galerkin method (which uses an implicit algorithm). For scalar variables, the above two methods are identical. ...

...ty|drift]]–diffusion equation''',<ref name=Chandrasekhar/> or '''(generic) scalar transport equation'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Computational Fluid Dynamics Often there are several quantities, each with its own convection–diffusion equation, where the destruction of ...

...Luttinger]] and [[John Clive Ward]] in 1960,<ref name=luttinger60 /> is a scalar [[Functional (mathematics)|functional]] of the [[Coulomb's law|bare electro The Luttinger–Ward functional has no direct physical meaning, but it is useful in proving [[conservation law]]s. ...