List of topologies

The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property.

Discrete and indiscrete

• Discrete topology − All subsets are open.
• Indiscrete topology, chaotic topology, or Trivial topology − Only the empty set and its complement are open.

Cardinality and ordinals

• Cocountable topology
  • Given a topological space $(X,\tau ),$ the [[Cocountable extension topology|Template:Dfn]] on $X$ is the topology having as a subbasis the union of Template:Math and the family of all subsets of $X$ whose complements in $X$ are countable.
• Cofinite topology
• Double-pointed cofinite topology
• Ordinal number topology
• Pseudo-arc
• Ran space
• Tychonoff plank

Finite spaces

• Discrete two-point space − The simplest example of a totally disconnected discrete space.
• Finite topological space
• Pseudocircle − A finite topological space on 4 elements that fails to satisfy any separation axiom besides T₀. However, from the viewpoint of algebraic topology, it has the remarkable property that it is indistinguishable from the circle $S^1.$
• Sierpiński space, also called the connected two-point set − A 2-point set $\{0,1\}$ with the particular point topology $\{\varnothing ,\{1\},\{0,1\}\}.$

Integers

• Arens–Fort space − A Hausdorff, regular, normal space that is not first-countable or compact. It has an element (i.e. $p:=(0,0)$) for which there is no sequence in $X\setminus \{p\}$ that converges to $p$ but there is a sequence $x_{\bullet }={\left(x_i\right)}_{i=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ in $X\setminus \{(0,0)\}$ such that $(0,0)$ is a cluster point of $x_{\bullet }.$
• Arithmetic progression topologies
• The Baire space − ${\mathbb{N}}^{\mathbb{N}}$ with the product topology, where $\mathbb{N}$ denotes the natural numbers endowed with the discrete topology. It is the space of all sequences of natural numbers.
• Divisor topology
• Partition topology
  • Deleted integer topology
  • Odd–even topology

Fractals and Cantor set

• Apollonian gasket
• Cantor set − A subset of the closed interval $[0,1]$ with remarkable properties.
  • Cantor dust
  • Cantor space
• Koch snowflake
• Menger sponge
• Mosely snowflake
• Sierpiński carpet
• Sierpiński triangle
• Smith–Volterra–Cantor set, also called the Template:Em − A closed nowhere dense (and thus meagre) subset of the unit interval $[0,1]$ that has positive Lebesgue measure and is not a Jordan measurable set. The complement of the fat Cantor set in Jordan measure is a bounded open set that is not Jordan measurable.

Orders

• Alexandrov topology
• Lexicographic order topology on the unit square
• Order topology
  • Lawson topology
  • Poset topology
  • Upper topology
  • Scott topology
    • Scott continuity
• Priestley space
• Roy's lattice space
• Split interval, also called the Template:Dfn and the Template:Dfn − All compact separable ordered spaces are order-isomorphic to a subset of the split interval. It is compact Hausdorff, hereditarily Lindelöf, and hereditarily separable but not metrizable. Its metrizable subspaces are all countable.
• Specialization (pre)order

Manifolds and complexes

• Branching line − A non-Hausdorff manifold.
• Double origin topology
• E₈ manifold − A topological manifold that does not admit a smooth structure.
• Euclidean topology − The natural topology on Euclidean space ${ℝ}^n$ induced by the Euclidean metric, which is itself induced by the Euclidean norm.
  • Real line − $ℝ$
  • Unit interval − $[0,1]$
• Extended real number line
• Fake 4-ball − A compact contractible topological 4-manifold.
• House with two rooms − A contractible, 2-dimensional simplicial complex that is not collapsible.
• Klein bottle
• Lens space
• Line with two origins, also called the Template:Dfn − It is a non-Hausdorff manifold. It is locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space and thus locally metrizable (but not metrizable) and locally Hausdorff (but not Hausdorff). It is also a T₁ locally regular space but not a semiregular space.
• Prüfer manifold − A Hausdorff 2-dimensional real analytic manifold that is not paracompact.
• Real projective line
• Torus
  • 3-torus
  • Solid torus
• Unknot
• Whitehead manifold − An open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to ${ℝ}^3.$

Hyperbolic geometry

• Gieseking manifold − A cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of finite volume.
• Horosphere
  • Horocycle
• Picard horn
• Seifert–Weber space

Paradoxical spaces

• Lakes of Wada − Three disjoint connected open sets of ${ℝ}^2$ or $(0,1{)}^2$ that all have the same boundary.

Unique

• Hantzsche–Wendt manifold − A compact, orientable, flat 3-manifold. It is the only closed flat 3-manifold with first Betti number zero.

Related or similar to manifolds

• Dogbone space
• Dunce hat (topology)
• Hawaiian earring
• Long line (topology)
• Rose (topology)

Embeddings and maps between spaces

• Alexander horned sphere − A particular embedding of a sphere into 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
• Antoine's necklace − A topological embedding of the Cantor set in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, whose complement is not simply connected.
• Irrational winding of a torus/Irrational cable on a torus
• Knot (mathematics)
• Linear flow on the torus
• Space-filling curve
• Torus knot
• Wild knot

Counter-examples (general topology)

The following topologies are a known source of counterexamples for point-set topology.

• Alexandroff plank
• Appert topology − A Hausdorff, perfectly normal (T₆), zero-dimensional space that is countable, but neither first countable, locally compact, nor countably compact.
• Arens square
• Bullet-riddled square - The space $[0,1{]}^2\setminus {\mathbb{Q}}^2,$ where $[0,1{]}^2\cap {\mathbb{Q}}^2$ is the set of bullets. Neither of these sets is Jordan measurable although both are Lebesgue measurable.
• Cantor tree
• Comb space
• Dieudonné plank
• Double origin topology
• Dunce hat (topology)
• Either–or topology
• Excluded point topology − A topological space where the open sets are defined in terms of the exclusion of a particular point.
• Fort space
• Half-disk topology
• Hilbert cube − $[0,1/1]\times [0,1/2]\times [0,1/3]\times \cdots$ with the product topology.
• Infinite broom
• Integer broom topology
• K-topology
• Knaster–Kuratowski fan
• Long line (topology)
• Moore plane, also called the Template:Dfn − A first countable, separable, completely regular, Hausdorff, Moore space that is not normal, Lindelöf, metrizable, second countable, nor locally compact. It also an uncountable closed subspace with the discrete topology.
• Nested interval topology
• Overlapping interval topology − Second countable space that is T₀ but not T₁.
• Particular point topology − Assuming the set is infinite, then contains a non-closed compact subset whose closure is not compact and moreover, it is neither metacompact nor paracompact.
• Rational sequence topology
• Sorgenfrey line, which is $ℝ$ endowed with lower limit topology − It is Hausdorff, perfectly normal, first-countable, separable, paracompact, Lindelöf, Baire, and a Moore space but not metrizable, second-countable, σ-compact, nor locally compact.
• Sorgenfrey plane, which is the product of two copies of the Sorgenfrey line − A Moore space that is neither normal, paracompact, nor second countable.
• Topologist's sine curve
• Tychonoff plank
• Vague topology
• Warsaw circle

Topologies defined in terms of other topologies

Natural topologies

List of natural topologies.

• Adjunction space
• Disjoint union (topology)
• Extension topology
• Initial topology
• Final topology
• Product topology
• Quotient topology
• Subspace topology
• Weak topology

Compactifications

Compactifications include:

• Alexandroff extension
  • Projectively extended real line
• Bohr compactification
• Eells–Kuiper manifold
• Projectively extended real line
• Stone–Čech compactification
  • Stone topology
  • Stone–Čech remainder
• Wallman compactification

Topologies of uniform convergence

This lists named topologies of uniform convergence.

• Compact-open topology
  • Loop space
• Interlocking interval topology
• Modes of convergence (annotated index)
• Operator topologies
• Pointwise convergence
  • Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
  • Weak* topology
• Polar topology
• Strong dual topology
• Topologies on spaces of linear maps

Other induced topologies

• Box topology
• Compact complement topology
• Duplication of a point: Let $x\in X$ be a non-isolated point of $X,$ let $d\in ̸X$ be arbitrary, and let $Y=X\cup \{d\}.$ Then $\tau =\{V\subseteq Y:\text{ either }V\text{ or }(V\setminus \{d\})\cup \{x\}\text{ is an open subset of }X\}$ is a topology on $Y$ and $x$ and $d$ have the same neighborhood filters in $Y.$ In this way, $x$ has been duplicated.Template:Sfn
• Extension topology

Functional analysis

• Auxiliary normed spaces
• Finest locally convex topology
• Finest vector topology
• Helly space
• Mackey topology
• Polar topology
• Vague topology

Operator topologies

• Dual topology
• Norm topology
• Operator topologies
• Pointwise convergence
  • Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
  • Weak* topology
• Polar topology
• Strong dual space
• Strong operator topology
• Topologies on spaces of linear maps
• Ultrastrong topology
• Ultraweak topology/weak-* operator topology
• Weak operator topology

Tensor products

• Inductive tensor product
• Injective tensor product
• Projective tensor product
• Tensor product of Hilbert spaces
• Topological tensor product

Probability

• Émery topology

Other topologies

• Erdős space − A Hausdorff, totally disconnected, one-dimensional topological space $X$ that is homeomorphic to $X\times X.$
• Half-disk topology
• Hedgehog space
• Partition topology
• Zariski topology

See also

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References

• Template:Adams Franzosa Introduction to Topology Pure and Applied
• Template:Arkhangel'skii Ponomarev Fundamentals of General Topology Problems and Exercises
• Template:Bourbaki General Topology Part I Chapters 1-4
• Template:Bourbaki General Topology Part II Chapters 5-10
• Template:Comfort Negrepontis The Theory of Ultrafilters 1974
• Template:Dixmier General Topology
• Template:Császár General Topology
• Template:Dolecki Mynard Convergence Foundations Of Topology
• Template:Dugundji Topology
• Template:Howes Modern Analysis and Topology 1995
• Template:Jarchow Locally Convex Spaces
• Template:Joshi Introduction to General Topology
• Template:Kelley General Topology
• Template:Köthe Topological Vector Spaces I
• Template:Munkres Topology
• Template:Schechter Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations
• Template:Schubert Topology
• Template:Wilansky Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces
• Template:Wilansky Topology for Analysis 2008
• Template:Willard General Topology

External links

• π-Base: An Interactive Encyclopedia of Topological Spaces