List of Johnson solids

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In geometry, a convex polyhedron whose faces are regular polygons is known as a Johnson solid, or sometimes as a Johnson–Zalgaller solid.[1] Some authors exclude uniform polyhedra (in which all vertices are symmetric to each other) from the definition; uniform polyhedra include Platonic and Archimedean solids as well as prisms and antiprisms.[2] The Johnson solids are named after American mathematician Norman Johnson (1930–2017), who published a list of 92 non-uniform Johnson polyhedra in 1966. His conjecture that the list was complete and no other examples existed was proven by Russian-Israeli mathematician Victor Zalgaller (1920–2020) in 1969.[3]

Some of the Johnson solids may be categorized as elementary polyhedra, meaning they cannot be separated by a plane to create two small convex polyhedra with regular faces. The Johnson solids satisfying this criteria are the first six—equilateral square pyramid, pentagonal pyramid, triangular cupola, square cupola, pentagonal cupola, and pentagonal rotunda. The criteria is also satisfied by eleven other Johnson solids, specifically the tridiminished icosahedron, parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron, tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron, snub disphenoid, snub square antiprism, sphenocorona, sphenomegacorona, hebesphenomegacorona, disphenocingulum, bilunabirotunda, and triangular hebesphenorotunda.[4] The rest of the Johnson solids are not elementary, and they are constructed using the first six Johnson solids together with Platonic and Archimedean solids in various processes. Augmentation involves attaching the Johnson solids onto one or more faces of polyhedra, while elongation or gyroelongation involve joining them onto the bases of a prism or antiprism, respectively. Some others are constructed by diminishment, the removal of one of the first six solids from one or more of a polyhedron's faces.[5]

The following table contains the 92 Johnson solids, with edge length a. The table includes the solid's enumeration (denoted as Jn).Template:Sfnp It also includes the number of vertices, edges, and faces of each solid, as well as its symmetry group, surface area A, and volume V. Every polyhedron has its own characteristics, including symmetry and measurement. An object is said to have symmetry if there is a transformation that maps it to itself. All of those transformations may be composed in a group, alongside the group's number of elements, known as the order. In two-dimensional space, these transformations include rotating around the center of a polygon and reflecting an object around the perpendicular bisector of a polygon. A polygon that is rotated symmetrically by 360n is denoted by Cn, a cyclic group of order n; combining this with the reflection symmetry results in the symmetry of dihedral group Dn of order 2n.[6] In three-dimensional symmetry point groups, the transformations preserving a polyhedron's symmetry include the rotation around the line passing through the base center, known as the axis of symmetry, and the reflection relative to perpendicular planes passing through the bisector of a base, which is known as the pyramidal symmetry Cnv of order 2n. The transformation that preserves a polyhedron's symmetry by reflecting it across a horizontal plane is known as the prismatic symmetry Dnh of order 4n. The antiprismatic symmetry Dnd of order 4n preserves the symmetry by rotating its half bottom and reflection across the horizontal plane.Template:Sfnp The symmetry group Cnh of order 2n preserves the symmetry by rotation around the axis of symmetry and reflection on the horizontal plane; the specific case preserving the symmetry by one full rotation is C1h of order 2, often denoted as Cs.[7] The mensuration of polyhedra includes the surface area and volume. An area is a two-dimensional measurement calculated by the product of length and width; for a polyhedron, the surface area is the sum of the areas of all of its faces.Template:Sfnp A volume is a measurement of a region in three-dimensional space.Template:Sfnp The volume of a polyhedron may be ascertained in different ways: either through its base and height (like for pyramids and prisms), by slicing it off into pieces and summing their individual volumes, or by finding the root of a polynomial representing the polyhedron.[8] Template:Mw-datatableTemplate:Sticky-headerTemplate:Sort-under

The 92 Johnson solids
Jn Solid name Image Vertices Edges Faces Symmetry group and its orderTemplate:Sfnp Surface area and volumeTemplate:Sfnp
1 Equilateral square pyramid 5 8 5 C4v of order 8 A=(1+3)a22.7321a2V=26a30.2357a3
2 Pentagonal pyramid 6 10 6 C5v of order 10 A=a2252(10+5+75+305)3.8855a2V=(5+524)a30.3015a3
3 Triangular cupola 9 15 8 C3v of order 6 A=(3+532)a27.3301a2V=(532)a31.1785a3
4 Square cupola 12 20 10 C4v of order 8 A=(7+22+3)a211.5605a2V=(1+223)a31.9428a3
5 Pentagonal cupola 15 25 12 C5v of order 10 A=(14(20+53+5(145+625)))a216.5798a2V=(16(5+45))a32.3241a3
6 Pentagonal rotunda 20 35 17 C5v of order 10 A=(12(53+10(65+295)))a222.3472a2V=(112(45+175))a36.9178a3
7 Elongated triangular pyramid 7 12 7 C3v of order 6 A=(3+3)a24.7321a2V=(112(2+33))a30.5509a3
8 Elongated square pyramid 9 16 9 C4v of order 8 A=(5+3)a26.7321a2V=(1+26)a31.2357a3
9 Elongated pentagonal pyramid 11 20 11 C5v of order 10 A=20+53+25+1054a28.8855a2V=(5+5+625+10524)a32.022a3
10 Gyroelongated square pyramid 9 20 13 C4v of order 8 A=(1+33)a26.1962a2V=16(2+24+32)a31.1927a3
11 Gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid 11 25 16 C5v of order 10 A=14(153+5(5+25))a28.2157a2V=124(25+95)a31.8802a3
12 Triangular bipyramid 5 9 6 D3h of order 12 A=332a22.5981a2V=26a30.2358a3
13 Pentagonal bipyramid 7 15 10 D5h of order 20 A=532a24.3301a2V=112(5+5)a30.603a3
14 Elongated triangular bipyramid 8 15 9 D3h of order 12 A=32(2+3)a25.5981a2V=112(22+33)a30.6687a3
15 Elongated square bipyramid 10 20 12 D4h of order 16 A=2(2+3)a27.4641a2V=13(3+2)a31.4714a3
16 Elongated pentagonal bipyramid 12 25 15 D5h of order 20 A=52(2+3)a29.3301a2V=112(5+5+35(5+25))a32.3235a3
17 Gyroelongated square bipyramid 10 24 16 D4d of order 16 A=43a26.9282a2V=13(2+4+32)a31.4284a3
18 Elongated triangular cupola 15 27 14 C3v of order 6 A=12(18+53)a213.3301a2V=16(52+93)a33.7766a3
19 Elongated square cupola 20 36 18 C4v of order 8 A=(15+22+3)a219.5605a2V=(3+823)a36.7712a3
20 Elongated pentagonal cupola 25 45 22 C5v of order 10 A=14(60+53+105+25+5(5+25))a226.5798a2V=16(5+45+155+25)a310.0183a3
21 Elongated pentagonal rotunda 30 55 27 C5v of order 10 A=12a2(20+53+55+25+35(5+25))32.3472a2V=112a3(45+175+305+25)14.612a3
22 Gyroelongated triangular cupola 15 33 20 C3v of order 6 A=12(6+113)a212.5263a2V=13612+183+301+3a33.5161a3
23 Gyroelongated square cupola 20 44 26 C4v of order 8 A=(7+22+53)a218.4887a2V=(1+232+234+22+2146+1032)a36.2108a3
24 Gyroelongated pentagonal cupola 25 55 32 C5v of order 10 A=14(20+253+105+25+5(5+25))a225.2400a2V=(56+235+562650+2905252)a39.0733a3
25 Gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda 30 65 37 C5v of order 10 A=12(153+(5+35)5+25)a231.0075a2V=(4512+17125+562650+2905252)a313.6671a3
26 Gyrobifastigium 8 14 8 D2d of order 8 A=(4+3)a25.7321a2V=(32)a30.866a3
27 Triangular orthobicupola 12 24 14 D3h of order 12 A=2(3+3)a29.4641a2V=523a32.357a3
28 Square orthobicupola 16 32 18 D4h of order 16 A=2(5+3)a213.4641a2V=(2+423)a33.8856a3
29 Square gyrobicupola 16 32 18 D4d of order 16 A=2(5+3)a213.4641a2V=(2+423)a33.8856a3
30 Pentagonal orthobicupola 20 40 22 D5h of order 20 A=(10+52(10+5+75+305))a217.7711a2V=13(5+45)a34.6481a3
31 Pentagonal gyrobicupola 20 40 22 D5d of order 20 A=(10+52(10+5+75+305))a217.7711a2V=13(5+45)a34.6481a3
32 Pentagonal orthocupolarotunda 25 50 27 C5v of order 10 A=(5+141900+4905+21075+305)a223.5385a2V=512(11+55)a39.2418a3
33 Pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda 25 50 27 C5v of order 10 A=(5+1543+7425+105)a223.5385a2V=512(11+55)a39.2418a3
34 Pentagonal orthobirotunda 30 60 32 D5h of order 20 A=((53+35(5+25))a229.306a2V=16(45+175)a313.8355a3
35 Elongated triangular orthobicupola 18 36 20 D3h of order 12 A=2(6+3)a215.4641a2V=(523+332)a34.9551a3
36 Elongated triangular gyrobicupola 18 36 20 D3d of order 12 A=2(6+3)a215.4641a2V=(523+332)a34.9551a3
37 Elongated square gyrobicupola 24 48 26 D4d of order 16 A=2(9+3)a221.4641a2V=(4+1023)a38.714a3
38 Elongated pentagonal orthobicupola 30 60 32 D5h of order 20 A=(20+52(10+5+75+305))a227.7711a2V=16(10+85+155+25)a312.3423a3
39 Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola 30 60 32 D5d of order 20 A=(20+52(10+5+75+305))a227.7711a2V=16(10+85+155+25)a312.3423a3
40 Elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda 35 70 37 C5v of order 10 A=14(60+10(190+495+2175+305))a233.5385a2V=512(11+55+65+25)a316.936a3
41 Elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda 35 70 37 C5v of order 10 A=14(60+10(190+495+2175+305))a233.5385a2V=512(11+55+65+25)a316.936a3
42 Elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda 40 80 42 D5h of order 20 A=(10+30(10+35+75+305))a239.306a2V=16(45+175+155+25)a321.5297a3
43 Elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda 40 80 42 D5d of order 20 A=(10+30(10+35+75+305))a239.306a2V=16(45+175+155+25)a321.5297a3
44 Gyroelongated triangular bicupola 18 42 26 D3 of order 6 A=(6+53)a214.6603a2V=2(53+1+3)a34.6946a3
45 Gyroelongated square bicupola 24 56 34 D4 of order 8 A=(10+63)a220.3923a2V=(2+432+234+22+2146+1032)a38.1536a3
46 Gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola 30 70 42 D5 of order 10 A=12(20+153+25+105)a226.4313a2V=(53+435+562650+2905252)a311.3974a3
47 Gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda 35 80 47 C5 of order 5 A=14(20+353+725+105)a232.1988a2V=(5512+25125+562650+2905252)a315.9911a3
48 Gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda 40 90 52 D5 of order 10 A=(103+325+105)a237.9662a2V=(456+1765+562650+2905252)a320.5848a3
49 Augmented triangular prism 7 13 8 C2v of order 4 A=12(4+33)a24.5981a2V=112(22+33)a30.6687a3
50 Biaugmented triangular prism 8 17 11 C2v of order 4 A=12(2+53)a25.3301a2V=59144+16a30.9044a3
51 Triaugmented triangular prism 9 21 14 D3h of order 12 A=732a26.0622a2V=22+34a31.1401a3
52 Augmented pentagonal prism 11 19 10 C2v of order 4 A=12(8+23+5(5+25))a29.173a2V=112233+905+1250+205a31.9562a3
53 Biaugmented pentagonal prism 12 23 13 C2v of order 4 A=12a2(6+43+5(5+25))9.9051a2V=112a3257+905+2450+2052.1919a3
54 Augmented hexagonal prism 13 22 11 C2v of order 4 A=(5+43)a211.9282a2V=16(2+93)a32.8338a3
55 Parabiaugmented hexagonal prism 14 26 14 D2h of order 8 A=(4+53)a212.6603a2V=16(22+93)a33.0695a3
56 Metabiaugmented hexagonal prism 14 26 14 C2v of order 4 A=(4+53)a212.6603a2V=16(22+93)a33.0695a3
57 Triaugmented hexagonal prism 15 30 17 D3h of order 12 A=3(1+23)a213.3923a2V=(12+332)a33.3052a3
58 Augmented dodecahedron 21 35 16 C5v of order 10 A=14(53+115(5+25))a221.0903a2V=124(95+435)a37.9646a3
59 Parabiaugmented dodecahedron 22 40 20 D5d of order 20 A=52(3+5(5+25))a221.5349a2V=16(25+115)a38.2661a3
60 Metabiaugmented dodecahedron 22 40 20 C2v of order 4 A=52(3+5(5+25))a221.5349a2V=16(25+115)a38.2661a3
61 Triaugmented dodecahedron 23 45 24 C3v of order 6 A=34(53+35(5+25))a221.9795a2V=58(7+35)a38.5676a3
62 Metabidiminished icosahedron 10 20 12 C2v of order 4 A=12(53+5(5+25))a27.7711a2V=16(5+25)a31.5787a3
63 Tridiminished icosahedron 9 15 8 C3v of order 6 A=14(53+35(5+25))a27.3265a2V=(58+7524)a31.2772a3
64 Augmented tridiminished icosahedron 10 18 10 C3v of order 6 A=14(73+35(5+25))a28.1925a2V=124(15+22+75)a31.395a3
65 Augmented truncated tetrahedron 15 27 14 C3v of order 6 A=12(6+133)a214.2583a2V=1122a33.8891a3
66 Augmented truncated cube 28 48 22 C4v of order 8 A=(15+102+33)a234.3383a2V=(8+1623)a315.5425a3
67 Biaugmented truncated cube 32 60 30 D4h of order 16 A=2(9+42+23)a236.2419a2V=(9+62)a317.4853a3
68 Augmented truncated dodecahedron 65 105 42 C5v of order 10 A=14(20+253+1105+25+5(5+25))a2102.1821a2V=(50512+8154)a387.3637a3
69 Parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron 70 120 52 D5d of order 20 A=12(20+153+505+25+5(5+25))a2103.3734a2V=112(515+2515)a389.6878a3
70 Metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron 70 120 52 C2v of order 4 A=12(20+153+505+25+5(5+25))a2103.3734a2V=112(515+2515)a389.6878a3
71 Triaugmented truncated dodecahedron 75 135 62 C3v of order 6 A=14(60+353+905+25+35(5+25))a2104.5648a2V=712(75+375)a392.0118a3
72 Gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron 60 120 62 C5v of order 10 A=(30+53+35(5+25))a259.306a2V=(20+2953)a341.6153a3
73 Parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron 60 120 62 D5d of order 20 A=(30+53+35(5+25))a259.306a2V=(20+2953)a341.6153a3
74 Metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron 60 120 62 C2v of order 4 A=(30+53+35(5+25))a259.306a2V=(20+2953)a341.6153a3
75 Trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron 60 120 62 C3v of order 6 A=(30+53+35(5+25))a259.306a2V=(20+2953)a341.6153a3
76 Diminished rhombicosidodecahedron 55 105 52 C5v of order 10 A=14(100+153+105+25+115(5+25))a258.1147a2V=(1156+95)a339.2913a3
77 Paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron 55 105 52 C5v of order 10 A=14(100+153+105+25+115(5+25))a258.1147a2V=(1156+95)a339.2913a3
78 Metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron 55 105 52 Cs of order 2 A=14(100+153+105+25+115(5+25))a258.1147a2V=(1156+95)a339.2913a3
79 Bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron 55 105 52 Cs of order 2 A=14(100+153+105+25+115(5+25))a258.1147a2V=(1156+95)a339.2913a3
80 Parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron 50 90 42 D5d of order 20 A=52(8+3+25+25+5(5+25))a256.9233a2V=53(11+55)a336.9672a3
81 Metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron 50 90 42 C2v of order 4 A=52(8+3+25+25+5(5+25))a256.9233a2V=53(11+55)a336.9672a3
82 Gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron 50 90 42 Cs of order 2 A=52(8+3+25+25+5(5+25))a256.9233a2V=53(11+55)a336.9672a3
83 Tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron 45 75 32 C3v of order 6 A=14(60+53+305+25+95(5+25))a255.732a2V=(352+2353)a334.6432a3
84 Snub disphenoid 8 18 12 D2d of order 8 A=33a25.1962a2V0.8595a3
85 Snub square antiprism 16 40 26 D4d of order 16 A=2(1+33)a212.3923a2V3.6012a3
86 Sphenocorona 10 22 14 C2v of order 4 A=(2+33)a27.1962a2V=12a31+332+13+361.5154a3
87 Augmented sphenocorona 11 26 17 Cs of order 2 A=(1+43)a27.9282a2V=12a31+332+13+36+1321.7511a3
88 Sphenomegacorona 12 28 18 C2v of order 4 A=2(1+23)a28.9282a2V1.9481a3
89 Hebesphenomegacorona 14 33 21 C2v of order 4 A=32(2+33)a210.7942a2V2.9129a3
90 Disphenocingulum 16 38 24 D2d of order 8 A=(4+53)a212.6603a2V3.7776a3
91 Bilunabirotunda 14 26 14 D2h of order 8 A=(2+23+5(5+25))a212.346a2V=112(17+95)a33.0937a3
92 Triangular hebesphenorotunda 18 36 20 C3v of order 6 A=14(12+193+35(5+25))a216.3887a2V=(52+756)a35.1087a3

References

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