Graph C*-algebra

In mathematics, a graph C*-algebra is a universal C*-algebra constructed from a directed graph. Graph C*-algebras are direct generalizations of the Cuntz algebras and Cuntz-Krieger algebras, but the class of graph C*-algebras has been shown to also include several other widely studied classes of C*-algebras. As a result, graph C*-algebras provide a common framework for investigating many well-known classes of C*-algebras that were previously studied independently. Among other benefits, this provides a context in which one can formulate theorems that apply simultaneously to all of these subclasses and contain specific results for each subclass as special cases.

Although graph C*-algebras include numerous examples, they provide a class of C*-algebras that are surprisingly amenable to study and much more manageable than general C*-algebras. The graph not only determines the associated C*-algebra by specifying relations for generators, it also provides a useful tool for describing and visualizing properties of the C*-algebra. This visual quality has led to graph C*-algebras being referred to as "operator algebras we can see." Another advantage of graph C*-algebras is that much of their structure and many of their invariants can be readily computed. Using data coming from the graph, one can determine whether the associated C*-algebra has particular properties, describe the lattice of ideals, and compute K-theoretic invariants.

Graph terminology

The terminology for graphs used by C*-algebraists differs slightly from that used by graph theorists. The term graph is typically taken to mean a directed graph $E=(E^0,E^1,r,s)$ consisting of a countable set of vertices $E^0$, a countable set of edges $E^1$, and maps $r,s:E^1\to E^0$ identifying the range and source of each edge, respectively. A vertex $v\in E^0$ is called a sink when $s^{-1}(v)=\mathrm{\varnothing }$; i.e., there are no edges in $E$ with source $v$. A vertex $v\in E^0$ is called an infinite emitter when $s^{-1}(v)$ is infinite; i.e., there are infinitely many edges in $E$ with source $v$. A vertex is called a singular vertex if it is either a sink or an infinite emitter, and a vertex is called a regular vertex if it is not a singular vertex. Note that a vertex $v$ is regular if and only if the number of edges in $E$ with source $v$ is finite and nonzero. A graph is called row-finite if it has no infinite emitters; i.e., if every vertex is either a regular vertex or a sink.

A path is a finite sequence of edges $e_1{e}_2\dots e_n$ with $r(e_i)=s(e_{i+1})$ for all $1\le i\le n-1$. An infinite path is a countably infinite sequence of edges $e_1{e}_2\dots$ with $r(e_i)=s(e_{i+1})$ for all $i\ge 1$. A cycle is a path $e_1{e}_2\dots e_n$ with $r(e_n)=s(e_1)$, and an exit for a cycle $e_1{e}_2\dots e_n$ is an edge $f\in E^1$ such that $s(f)=s(e_i)$ and $f\ne e_i$ for some $1\le i\le n$. A cycle $e_1{e}_2\dots e_n$ is called a simple cycle if $s(e_i)\ne s(e_1)$ for all $2\le i\le n$.

The following are two important graph conditions that arise in the study of graph C*-algebras.

Condition (L): Every cycle in the graph has an exit.

Condition (K): There is no vertex in the graph that is on exactly one simple cycle. That is, a graph satisfies Condition (K) if and only if each vertex in the graph is either on no cycles or on two or more simple cycles.

The Cuntz-Krieger Relations and the universal property

A Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family is a collection $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ in a C*-algebra such that the elements of $\{s_e:e\in E^1\}$ are partial isometries with mutually orthogonal ranges, the elements of $\{p_v:v\in E^0\}$ are mutually orthogonal projections, and the following three relations (called the Cuntz-Krieger relations) are satisfied:

1. (CK1) $s_e^{\ast }{s}_e=p_{r(e)}$ for all $e\in E^1$,
2. (CK2) $p_v=\sum _{s(e)=v}{s}_e{s}_e^{\ast }$ whenever $v$ is a regular vertex, and
3. (CK3) $s_e{s}_e^{\ast }\le p_{s(e)}$ for all $e\in E^1$.

The graph C*-algebra corresponding to $E$, denoted by $C^{\ast }(E)$, is defined to be the C*-algebra generated by a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family that is universal in the sense that whenever $\{t_e,q_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ is a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family in a C*-algebra $A$ there exists a Template:Nowrap $\varphi :C^{\ast }(E)\to A$ with $\varphi (s_e)=t_e$ for all $e\in E^1$ and $\varphi (p_v)=q_v$ for all $v\in E^0$. Existence of $C^{\ast }(E)$ for any graph $E$ was established by Kumjian, Pask, and Raeburn. Uniqueness of $C^{\ast }(E)$ (up to Template:Nowrap) follows directly from the universal property.

Edge Direction Convention

It is important to be aware that there are competing conventions regarding the "direction of the edges" in the Cuntz-Krieger relations. Throughout this article, and in the way that the relations are stated above, we use the convention first established in the seminal papers on graph C*-algebras. The alternate convention, which is used in Raeburn's CBMS book on Graph Algebras, interchanges the roles of the range map $r$ and the source map $s$ in the Cuntz-Krieger relations. The effect of this change is that the C*-algebra of a graph for one convention is equal to the C*-algebra of the graph with the edges reversed when using the other convention.

Row-Finite Graphs

In the Cuntz-Krieger relations, (CK2) is imposed only on regular vertices. Moreover, if $v\in E^0$ is a regular vertex, then (CK2) implies that (CK3) holds at $v$. Furthermore, if $v\in E^0$ is a sink, then (CK3) vacuously holds at $v$. Thus, if $E$ is a row-finite graph, the relation (CK3) is superfluous and a collection $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ of partial isometries with mutually orthogonal ranges and mutually orthogonal projections is a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family if and only if the relation in (CK1) holds at all edges in $E$ and the relation in (CK2) holds at all vertices in $E$ that are not sinks. The fact that the Cuntz-Krieger relations take a simpler form for row-finite graphs has technical consequences for many results in the subject. Not only are results easier to prove in the row-finite case, but also the statements of theorems are simplified when describing C*-algebras of row-finite graphs. Historically, much of the early work on graph C*-algebras was done exclusively in the row-finite case. Even in modern work, where infinite emitters are allowed and C*-algebras of general graphs are considered, it is common to state the row-finite case of a theorem separately or as a corollary, since results are often more intuitive and transparent in this situation.

Examples

The graph C*-algebra has been computed for many graphs. Conversely, for certain classes of C*-algebras it has been shown how to construct a graph whose C*-algebra is $\ast$-isomorphic or Morita equivalent to a given C*-algebra of that class.

The following table shows a number of directed graphs and their C*-algebras. We use the convention that a double arrow drawn from one vertex to another and labeled $\mathrm{\infty }$ indicates that there are a countably infinite number of edges from the first vertex to the second.

Directed Graph $E$	Graph C*-algebra $C^{\ast }(E)$
$\bullet$	$ℂ$, the complex numbers
	$C(𝕋)$, the complex-valued continuous functions on the circle $𝕋$
$v_1⟶v_2⟶\cdots ⟶v_{n-1}⟶v_n$	$M_n(ℂ)$, the $n\times n$ matrices with entries in $ℂ$
$\bullet ⟶\bullet ⟶\bullet ⟶\cdots$	$𝒦$, the compact operators on a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space
	$M_n(C(𝕋))$, the $n\times n$ matrices with entries in $C(𝕋)$
	${𝒪}_n$, the Cuntz algebra generated by $n$ isometries
	${𝒪}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, the Cuntz algebra generated by a countably infinite number of isometries
	${𝒦}^1$, the unitization of the algebra of compact operators $𝒦$
	$𝒯$, the Toeplitz algebra

The class of graph C*-algebras has been shown to contain various classes of C*-algebras. The C*-algebras in each of the following classes may be realized as graph C*-algebras up to Template:Nowrap:

• Cuntz algebras
• Cuntz-Krieger algebras
• finite-dimensional C*-algebras
• stable AF algebras

The C*-algebras in each of the following classes may be realized as graph C*-algebras up to Morita equivalence:

• AF algebras
• Kirchberg algebras with free K₁-group

Correspondence between graph and C*-algebraic properties

One remarkable aspect of graph C*-algebras is that the graph $E$ not only describes the relations for the generators of $C^{\ast }(E)$, but also various graph-theoretic properties of $E$ can be shown to be equivalent to Template:Nowrap properties of $C^{\ast }(E)$. Indeed, much of the study of graph C*-algebras is concerned with developing a lexicon for the correspondence between these properties, and establishing theorems of the form "The graph $E$ has a certain graph-theoretic property if and only if the C*-algebra $C^{\ast }(E)$ has a corresponding Template:Nowrap property." The following table provides a short list of some of the more well-known equivalences.

Property of $E$	Property of $C^{\ast }(E)$
$E$ is a finite graph and contains no cycles.	$C^{\ast }(E)$ is finite-dimensional.
The vertex set $E^0$ is finite.	$C^{\ast }(E)$ is unital (i.e., $C^{\ast }(E)$ contains a multiplicative identity).
$E$ has no cycles.	$C^{\ast }(E)$ is an AF algebra.
$E$ satisfies the following three properties: Condition (L), for each vertex $v$ and each infinite path $\alpha$ there exists a directed path from $v$ to a vertex on $\alpha$, and for each vertex $v$ and each singular vertex $w$ there exists a directed path from $v$ to $w$	$C^{\ast }(E)$ is simple.
$E$ satisfies the following three properties: Condition (L), for each vertex $v$ in $E$ there is a path from $v$ to a cycle.	Every hereditary subalgebra of $C^{\ast }(E)$ contains an infinite projection. (When $C^{\ast }(E)$ is simple this is equivalent to $C^{\ast }(E)$ being purely infinite.)

The gauge action

The universal property produces a natural action of the circle group $𝕋:=\{z\in ℂ:|z|=1\}$ on $C^{\ast }(E)$ as follows: If $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ is a universal Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family, then for any unimodular complex number $z\in 𝕋$, the collection $\{z{s}_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ is a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family, and the universal property of $C^{\ast }(E)$ implies there exists a Template:Nowrap ${\gamma }_z:C^{\ast }(E)\to C^{\ast }(E)$ with ${\gamma }_z(s_e)=z{s}_e$ for all $e\in E^1$ and ${\gamma }_z(p_v)=p_v$ for all $v\in E^0$. For each $z\in 𝕋$ the Template:Nowrap ${\gamma }_{\bar{z}}$ is an inverse for ${\gamma }_z$, and thus ${\gamma }_z$ is an automorphism. This yields a strongly continuous action $\gamma :𝕋\to \mathrm{Aut}{C}^{\ast }(E)$ by defining $\gamma (z):={\gamma }_z$. The gauge action $\gamma$ is sometimes called the canonical gauge action on $C^{\ast }(E)$. It is important to note that the canonical gauge action depends on the choice of the generating Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$. The canonical gauge action is a fundamental tool in the study of $C^{\ast }(E)$. It appears in statements of theorems, and it is also used behind the scenes as a technical device in proofs.

The uniqueness theorems

There are two well-known uniqueness theorems for graph C*-algebras: the gauge-invariant uniqueness theorem and the Cuntz-Krieger uniqueness theorem. The uniqueness theorems are fundamental results in the study of graph C*-algebras, and they serve as cornerstones of the theory. Each provides sufficient conditions for a Template:Nowrap from $C^{\ast }(E)$ into a C*-algebra to be injective. Consequently, the uniqueness theorems can be used to determine when a C*-algebra generated by a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family is isomorphic to $C^{\ast }(E)$; in particular, if $A$ is a C*-algebra generated by a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family, the universal property of $C^{\ast }(E)$ produces a surjective Template:Nowrap $\varphi :C^{\ast }(E)\to A$, and the uniqueness theorems each give conditions under which $\varphi$ is injective, and hence an isomorphism. Formal statements of the uniqueness theorems are as follows:

The Gauge-Invariant Uniqueness Theorem: Let $E$ be a graph, and let $C^{\ast }(E)$ be the associated graph C*-algebra. If $A$ is a C*-algebra and $\varphi :C^{\ast }(E)\to A$ is a Template:Nowrap satisfying the following two conditions:

1. there exists a gauge action $\beta :𝕋\to \mathrm{Aut}A$ such that $\varphi \circ {\beta }_z={\gamma }_z\circ \varphi$ for all $z\in 𝕋$, where $\gamma$ denotes the canonical gauge action on $C^{\ast }(E)$, and
2. $\varphi (p_v)\ne 0$ for all $v\in E^0$,

then $\varphi$ is injective.

The Cuntz-Krieger Uniqueness Theorem: Let $E$ be a graph satisfying Condition (L), and let $C^{\ast }(E)$ be the associated graph C*-algebra. If $A$ is a C*-algebra and $\varphi :C^{\ast }(E)\to A$ is a Template:Nowrap with $\varphi (p_v)\ne 0$ for all $v\in E^0$, then $\varphi$ is injective.

The gauge-invariant uniqueness theorem implies that if $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ is a Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family with nonzero projections and there exists a gauge action $\beta$ with ${\beta }_z(p_v)=p_v$ and ${\beta }_z(s_e)=z{s}_e$ for all $v\in E^0$, $e\in E^1$, and $z\in 𝕋$, then $\{s_e,p_v:e\in E^1,v\in E^0\}$ generates a C*-algebra isomorphic to $C^{\ast }(E)$. The Cuntz-Krieger uniqueness theorem shows that when the graph satisfies Condition (L) the existence of the gauge action is unnecessary; if a graph $E$ satisfies Condition (L), then any Cuntz-Krieger $E$-family with nonzero projections generates a C*-algebra isomorphic to $C^{\ast }(E)$.

Ideal structure

The ideal structure of $C^{\ast }(E)$ can be determined from $E$. A subset of vertices $H\subseteq E^0$ is called hereditary if for all $e\in E^1$, $s(e)\in H$ implies $r(e)\in H$. A hereditary subset $H$ is called saturated if whenever $v$ is a regular vertex with $\{r(e):e\in E^0,s(e)=v\}\subseteq H$, then $v\in H$. The saturated hereditary subsets of $E$ are partially ordered by inclusion, and they form a lattice with meet $H_1\wedge H_2:=H_1\cap H_2$ and join $H_1\vee H_2$ defined to be the smallest saturated hereditary subset containing $H_1\cup H_2$.

If $H$ is a saturated hereditary subset, $I_H$ is defined to be closed two-sided ideal in $C^{\ast }(E)$ generated by $\{p_v:v\in H\}$. A closed two-sided ideal $I$ of $C^{\ast }(E)$ is called gauge invariant if ${\gamma }_z(a)\in C^{\ast }(E)$ for all $a\in I$ and $z\in 𝕋$. The gauge-invariant ideals are partially ordered by inclusion and form a lattice with meet $I_1\wedge I_2:=I_1\cap I_2$ and joint $I_1\vee I_2$ defined to be the ideal generated by $I_1\cup I_2$. For any saturated hereditary subset $H$, the ideal $I_H$ is gauge invariant.

The following theorem shows that gauge-invariant ideals correspond to saturated hereditary subsets.

Theorem: Let $E$ be a row-finite graph. Then the following hold:

1. The function $H\mapsto I_H$ is a lattice isomorphism from the lattice of saturated hereditary subsets of $E$ onto the lattice of gauge-invariant ideals of $C^{\ast }(E)$ with inverse given by $I\mapsto \{v\in E^0:p_v\in I\}$.
2. For any saturated hereditary subset $H$, the quotient $C^{\ast }(E)/I_H$ is $\ast$-isomorphic to $C^{\ast }(E\setminus H)$, where $E\setminus H$ is the subgraph of $E$ with vertex set $(E\setminus H{)}^0:=E^0\setminus H$ and edge set $(E\setminus H{)}^1:=E^1\setminus r^{-1}(H)$.
3. For any saturated hereditary subset $H$, the ideal $I_H$ is Morita equivalent to $C^{\ast }(E_H)$, where $E_H$ is the subgraph of $E$ with vertex set $E_H^0:=H$ and edge set $E_H^1:=s^{-1}(H)$.
4. If $E$ satisfies Condition (K), then every ideal of $C^{\ast }(E)$ is gauge invariant, and the ideals of $C^{\ast }(E)$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the saturated hereditary subsets of $E$.

Desingularization

The Drinen-Tomforde Desingularization, often simply called desingularization, is a technique used to extend results for C*-algebras of row-finite graphs to C*-algebras of countable graphs. If $E$ is a graph, a desingularization of $E$ is a row-finite graph $F$ such that $C^{\ast }(E)$ is Morita equivalent to $C^{\ast }(F)$. Drinen and Tomforde described a method for constructing a desingularization from any countable graph: If $E$ is a countable graph, then for each vertex $v_0$ that emits an infinite number of edges, one first chooses a listing of the outgoing edges as $s^{-1}(v_0)=\{e_0,e_1,e_2,\dots \}$, one next attaches a tail of the form

to $E$ at $v_0$, and finally one erases the edges $e_0,e_1,e_2,\dots$ from the graph and redistributes each along the tail by drawing a new edge $f_i$ from $v_i$ to $r(e_i)$ for each $i=0,1,2,\dots$.

Here are some examples of this construction. For the first example, note that if $E$ is the graph

then a desingularization $F$ is given by the graph

For the second example, suppose $E$ is the ${𝒪}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$ graph with one vertex and a countably infinite number of edges (each beginning and ending at this vertex). Then a desingularization $F$ is given by the graph

Desingularization has become a standard tool in the theory of graph C*-algebras, and it can simplify proofs of results by allowing one to first prove the result in the (typically much easier) row-finite case, and then extend the result to countable graphs via desingularization, often with little additional effort.

The technique of desingularization may not work for graphs containing a vertex that emits an uncountable number of edges. However, in the study of C*-algebras it is common to restrict attention to separable C*-algebras. Since a graph C*-algebra $C^{\ast }(E)$ is separable precisely when the graph $E$ is countable, much of the theory of graph C*-algebras has focused on countable graphs.

K-theory

The K-groups of a graph C*-algebra may be computed entirely in terms of information coming from the graph. If $E$ is a row-finite graph, the vertex matrix of $E$ is the $E^0\times E^0$ matrix $A_E$ with entry $A_E(v,w)$ defined to be the number of edges in $E$ from $v$ to $w$. Since $E$ is row-finite, $A_E$ has entries in $\mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}$ and each row of $A_E$ has only finitely many nonzero entries. (In fact, this is where the term "row-finite" comes from.) Consequently, each column of the transpose $A_E^t$ contains only finitely many nonzero entries, and we obtain a map $A_E^t:{⨁}_{E^0}\mathbb{Z}\to {⨁}_{E^0}\mathbb{Z}$ given by left multiplication. Likewise, if $I$ denotes the $E^0\times E^0$ identity matrix, then $I-A_E^t:{⨁}_{E^0}\mathbb{Z}\to {⨁}_{E^0}\mathbb{Z}$ provides a map given by left multiplication.

Theorem: Let $E$ be a row-finite graph with no sinks, and let $A_E$ denote the vertex matrix of $E$. Then $$I-A_E^t:\underset{E^0}{⨁}\mathbb{Z}\to \underset{E^0}{⨁}\mathbb{Z}$$ gives a well-defined map by left multiplication. Furthermore, $$K_0(C^{\ast }(E))\cong \mathrm{coker}(I-A_E^t)\text{ and }{K}_1(C^{\ast }(E))\cong \ker (I-A_E^t).$$ In addition, if $C^{\ast }(E)$ is unital (or, equivalently, $E^0$ is finite), then the isomorphism $K_0(C^{\ast }(E))\cong \mathrm{coker}(I-A_E^t)$ takes the class of the unit in $K_0(C^{\ast }(E))$ to the class of the vector $(1,1,\dots ,1)$ in $\mathrm{coker}(I-A_E^t)$.

Since $K_1(C^{\ast }(E))$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of the free group ${⨁}_{E^0}\mathbb{Z}$, we may conclude that $K_1(C^{\ast }(E))$ is a free group. It can be shown that in the general case (i.e., when $E$ is allowed to contain sinks or infinite emitters) that $K_1(C^{\ast }(E))$ remains a free group. This allows one to produce examples of C*-algebras that are not graph C*-algebras: Any C*-algebra with a non-free K₁-group is not Morita equivalent (and hence not isomorphic) to a graph C*-algebra.

See also

• k-graph C*-algebra
• Leavitt path algebra