1 Samuel 30

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Template:Short description Template:Bible chapter 1 Samuel 30 is the thirtieth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.Template:Sfn Jewish tradition attributes the book to the prophet Samuel, with later additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan;[1] modern scholarship, however, regards it as a compilation of independent texts dated to Template:BCE.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.Template:Sfn

Text

This chapter was originally written in Biblical Hebrew. It is divided into 31 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Biblical Hebrew are of the Masoretic Textual tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSamTemplate:Sup; Template:BCE) with extant verses 22–31.Template:Sfn[2]Template:Sfn[3]Template:Bare url inline

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝔊B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝔊A; 5th century).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Places

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The Amalekites raid Ziklag (30:1–6)

While Saul battled the Philistines, David returned to Ziklag only to find it burned by the Amalekites and its inhabitants carried away. The attack was probably in retaliation for David's raid on the Amalekites (1 Samuel 27:8–10).[4] David and his men lost their wives and families, causing great lamentation (verse 4) and even placing David in personal danger (verse 6).Template:Sfn

Verse 1

Now when David and his men came to Ziklag on the third day, the Amalekites had made a raid against the Negeb and against Ziklag. They had overcome Ziklag and burned it with fire.[5]

Verse 2

And had taken captive the women and those who were there, from small to great; they did not kill anyone, but carried them away and went their way.[7]
  • "They did not kill anyone" (Template:Langx): Because all the warriors were away, the city could not offer any resistance, and since women and children were valuable for sale as slaves—mainly to neighboring Egypt—nobody was killed. However, leaving their wives and families completely defenseless probably made the men so angry at David that they were ready to kill him.[8][9]

David destroys the Amalekites (30:7–20)

One unique feature in the narrative is David's ability to consult YHWH directly. In contrast to Saul's illegal consultation of a necromancer at Endor (Template:Langx), David "strengthened himself in the Template:LORD",[10] contacted YHWH through Abiathar the Template:Lang (Template:Langx), and received a positive reply (verses 7–8). Thus, he was encouraged to pursue the attackers.Template:Sfn A providential meeting with an exhausted Egyptian who had gone three days without food, and who, after being nourished with a fig-cake and raisins, provided David and his soldiers instant information to the raiders of Ziklag, even securing the service to guide them down to the Amalekite camp. In another coincidence David and his troops arrived just as the Amalekites were obliviously celebrating their victory with feasting, giving a good opportunity to revenge allowing only 400 camel riders to escape. The captured families were saved intact and their possession was reclaimed with more booty to collect. Moreover, David had avenged not only Ziklag but also other areas as mentioned in verse 14—the Negeb of the Cherethites in the southern area controlled by the Philistines, the Negeb of Caleb, which was around Hebron (Template:Langx), as well as Judean areas, providing special bond with the people of the areas as described later in 2 Samuel 2:1–4,[11] when David becomes king of Judah.Template:Sfn

Verse 19

And nothing of theirs was lacking, either small or great, sons or daughters, spoil or anything which they had taken from them; David recovered all.[12]

Through this victory David rescued all that the Amalekites had taken, his two wives, his men's wives, and all the children great and small, as well as all stuffs that were taken from Ziklag, so that nothing was missing.[13]

Dividing the spoils (30:21–31)

David's successful assault secured a substantial amount of loot, enabling him to distribute some as gifts to the people of Judah (verses 26–31). This action, along with his decision regarding the suggestion made by "churlish ones" (verses 22–25), demonstrates David's preparedness to assume the role of king.Template:Sfn Consequently, Saul's leniency toward the Amalekites resulted in his downfall, while David's victorious campaign contributed to his ascent as a king who was obedient to God.Template:Sfn

Verse 26

When David reached Ziklag, he sent some of the spoil to the elders of Judah [and] to his friends, saying, "This is a present for you from our spoil of Template:GOD's enemies" (Revised JPS Edition).[14]

Writes Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz[15] regarding David's "spoil" (Template:Langx) in his commentary on the texts of the Template:Lang (Template:Langx): Template:Blockquote

See also

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Notes

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References

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Sources

Commentaries on Samuel

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General

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Template:First Book of Samuel

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
  3. ↑ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  4. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  5. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  6. ↑ Benson, Joseph. "Commentary on the Old and New Testaments". 1 Samuel 30. Accessed 9 July 2019.
  7. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  8. ↑ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "1 Samuel 30". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  9. ↑ Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 1 Samuel 30. London: Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906]. Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  10. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  11. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  12. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  13. ↑ Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Old Testament (1857-1878). 1 Samuel 30. Accessed 24 June 2018.
  14. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  15. ↑ Template:Cite book
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