1 Samuel 28

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Template:Short description Template:Bible chapter 1 Samuel 28 is the twenty-eighth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.Template:Sfn Jewish tradition attributes the book to the prophet Samuel, with later additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan;[1] modern scholarship, however, regards it as a compilation of independent texts dated to Template:BCE.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn lying within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 that records the rise of David as the king of Israel.Template:Sfn

Text

This chapter was originally written in Biblical Hebrew. It is divided into 12 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Biblical Hebrew are of the Masoretic Textual tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSamTemplate:Sup; Template:BCE) with extant verses 1–3, 22–25.Template:Sfn[2]Template:Better source neededTemplate:Sfn[3]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝔊B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝔊A; 5th century).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Places

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The Philistines gather against Israel (28:1–2)

Verses 1–2 continue the story of David's time among the Philistines, which will be resumed in chapters 29–30.[4]Template:Sfn As the Philistines prepared for another war against Israel, David was placed in an awkward position to prove his loyalty to Achish (Template:IPA; Template:Langx) by going to fight against his own people.Template:Sfn

Saul and the Medium of Endor (28:3–25)

Witch of Endor by Nikolai Ge, 1857.

At his camp at Mount Gilboa, facing the big army of Philistines at Shunem, Saul was in utter fear because he had no access to divine guidance, as described in verses 3–6:Template:Sfn

  1. Samuel was already dead and buried, and Saul had forbidden communication with non-human entities from the land, as required by the Law of Moses: "Now Samuel had died and all Israel made lament for him; and he was buried in his own town of Ramah. And Saul had forbidden [recourse to] ghosts and familiar spirits in the land."[5][6][7]
  2. Saul did not receive counsel from YHWH in his dreams, via throwing sacred lots (Urim), or from his prophets (cf. Jeremiah 18:18; Ezekiel 7:26).Template:Sfn

This caused Saul to desperately turn to prohibited means of getting to know the divine will, going against his own laws.Template:Sfn Because Endor was located northeast of Shunem, thus behind enemy lines, Saul had to go in disguise and at night.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The narrative about Saul's visit to the woman in Endor was 'one of the most bizarre texts in Scripture', as it claimed that Samuel's spirit could be called to speak through using witchcraft.Template:Sfn It is debatable whether it was really Samuel's spirit or the woman impersonating Samuel, because there was no new information was given other than what was already known from Samuel's speech long ago.Template:Sfn The text does say that the woman "saw a figure coming up", whom Saul assumed to be "Samuel" (verse 14), and was in terror (as perhaps she never had this result before), as well as got the knowledge that Saul was the one requesting this (verse 12).Template:Sfn The main point of the narrative is to show how Saul was totally cut off from YHWH, and failed as a king to protect Israel as he himself and his heirs would die at the hands of the Philistines.Template:Sfn

Verse 3

Now Samuel had died, and all Israel had lamented for him and buried him in Ramah, in his own city. And Saul had put the mediums and the spiritists out of the land.[8]

The first sentence is a repetition of 1 Samuel 25:1.[9]

See also

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Notes

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References

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Sources

Commentaries on Samuel

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General

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
  3. ↑ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  4. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  5. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  6. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  7. ↑ Template:Bibleverse
  8. ↑ Template:Bibleref2 NKJV
  9. ↑ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "1 Samuel 28". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
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