Zechariah 14

Zechariah 14 is the fourteenth and final chapter in the Book of Zechariah in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Zechariah. In the Hebrew Bible it is part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Template:Sfn This chapter is a part of a section (so-called "Second Zechariah") consisting of Zechariah 9–14.Template:Sfn It continues the theme of chapters 12 and 13 about the 'war preceding peace for Jerusalem in the eschatological future'.Template:Sfn It is written almost entirely in third-person prophetic discourse, with seven references to "that day".Template:Sfn

Text

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (from year 895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (930), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q76 (4QXII^a; mid 2nd century BCE) with extant verses 18.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $𝔊$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: $𝔊$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $𝔊$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $𝔊$^Q; 6th century).Template:Sfn

Themes

The phrase "that day" occurs seven times in this chapter, having also been used several times in chapters 12 and 13. Biblical writer Katrina Larkin notes that the phrase has a range of biblical uses, but in Zechariah its meaning is eschatological.Template:Sfn Albert Barnes notes that in this chapter, the wording refers back to verse 1, where a literal translation states that "a day is coming, the Template:Lord's". Typically, English translations states that "a day is coming for the Template:Lord".

Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles or Feast of Booths, is singled out in this chapter (verses 16-20). Highlighting this feast among the three pilgrim festivals of Judaism highlights its "special status in the sacred calendar".

The prophet's interest in the fate of the nations who opposed Jerusalem is revealed in the section from verse 12 to verse 19.Template:Sfn

The Day of the Lord (verses 1–15)

This section describes God gathering the nations to lay siege to Jerusalem and when half of the population has been exiled, God comes to deliver the city (2–3), defeating those opposing Jerusalem (verses 12–15).Template:Sfn

Verse 4

• "Mount of Olives": This mount lay on the east of Jerusalem, separated by the deep Kidron Valley, rising to a height of some 600 feet, and intercepting the view of the wilderness of Judaea and the Jordan ghor. It rises 187 feet above Mount Zion, 295 feet above Mount Moriah, 443 feet above Gethsemane, and lies between the city and the wilderness toward the Dead Sea and around its northern side, wound the road to Bethany and the Jordan. This verse is the only place in the Hebrew Bible (= Old Testament) where the name is exactly spelled, although it is often alluded to (e.g. 2 Samuel 15:30; 1 Kings 11:7; 2 Kings 23:13, where it is called "the mount of corruption", etc.). There "upon the mountain, which is on the east side of the city, the glory of the Lord stood," when it had "gone up from the midst of the city" (Ezekiel 11:23). The place of Jesus' departure at the time of ascension is located here and the same as the place of his return (in a similar "manner", Template:Bibleverse). Coming "from the east" (Template:Bibleverse), Jesus made his triumphal entry into Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives (Template:Bibleverse; cf. Template:Bibleverse, with Template:Bibleverse, "from the way of the east").
• "Shall cleave in the midst thereof": The cleaving of the mount in two is by a fissure or valley (a prolongation of the "valley of Jehoshaphat" or "valley of decision" (Template:Bibleverse), extending from Jerusalem on the west towards Jordan River, eastward. It results in an opening to escape for the besieged (cf. Template:Bibleverse). Half the divided mount is thereby forced northward, half southward; the valley running between.

Verse 5

Template:Quote Amos prophesied in 8th century BCE (Amos 1:1), two years before "the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah". This event was related to the one occurred when King Uzziah was stricken with leprosy for invading the priest's office, according to Josephus. Josephus wrote that at a place near the city called Eroge, half part of the mountain towards the west was broken, rolled then stood half a mile towards the eastern part, up to the king's gardens.

Verse 10

• "Corner Gate": was to the northwest of Jerusalem (Template:Bibleverse; Jeremiah 31:38), a part of expansion to the northwest side of the city under Uzziah and Hezekiah.
• "Tower of Hananeel": a well-known landmark, which is mentioned also in Nehemiah 3:1; Nehemiah 12:39; Jeremiah 31:38, standing midway between "the sheep gate" and "the fish gate", at the northeast corner of Jerusalem, then from this point, the wall which had run northwestern from the sheep gate now turned to west.

The nations worship the king, the Template:Lord of hosts (verses 16–19)

In the end times, the survivors among the gentile nations are called upon to come annually to Jerusalem to celebrate Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles. Those who do not come will be punished with no rain (verse 17) and with plague (verses 12-15).Template:Sfn

The sanctification of all things (verses 20-21)

According to the final words of the book, the prophet "foresees the sanctification of everything in the land of Israel". These verses depict a "sanctified Jerusalem in [a] ritual sense".Template:Sfn

See also

• Related Bible parts: Amos 1, Zechariah 13, Luke 24, Acts 1

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite encyclopedia
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

Jewish

• Zechariah 14 Hebrew with 1917 JPS English translation at Mamre Institute
• Zechariah 14 Hebrew with 2023 JPS English translation
• Zechariah 14 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary translated by A.J. Rosenberg. New York, Judaica Press, 1998 at Chabad.org

Catholic

• The Prophecy of Zacharias: Chapter 14. Vulgate in Latin with the Douay-Rheims Bible English translation at latinvulgate.com