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...sition|deposited]], and some can control either the final thickness of the film, the rate at which it is deposited, or both. Not surprisingly, the devices ...propriate if the film being deposited is part of a [[Thin-film optics|thin film optical device]]. ...

...lenses or [[achromatic doublet]]s, or a long cylindrical [[gradient-index optics|gradient-index of refraction lens]] (a GRIN lens). ...o the second image with 1:1 magnification (see [[Thin lens#Image formation|thin lens formula]] showing that with object distance <math>s=2f</math> from the ...

[[File:Lipid Islands on Soap Bubble (horizontal).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Thin-film interference caused by water-[[lipid]] boundary]] ...gth]]s and decreasing it at others. When white light is incident on a thin film, this effect produces colorful reflections. ...

...0=Hu|first10=H|last11=Suárez|first11=R|date=1998-04-30|title=Semiconductor thin films by chemical bath deposition for solar energy related applications|url ...is extremely cheap, simple, and reliable compared to other methods of thin-film deposition, requiring only aqueous solution at (relatively) low temperature ...

...general mathematical concept|its optical applications|Radius of curvature (optics)}} *[[Radius of curvature (optics)]] ...

...efraction measurements of materials using the moiré deflectometry"|journal=Optics Communications|volume=357|pages=200–201|doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2014.09.017|ye |journal=Applied Optics ...

...]]), single whole cells, small numbers of cells on synthetic scaffolds, or thin slices of animal or plant tissues, may also comprise the bio-recognition la [[Electronics|Electronic]] biosensing offers significant advantages over [[optics|optical]], [[biochemical]] and [[biophysical]] methods, in terms of high se ...

...equation]]s used in [[optics]], including [[geometric optics]], [[physical optics]], [[radiometry]], [[diffraction]], and [[interferometry]].<!--maybe includ ===Geometric optics (luminal rays)=== ...

{{Short description|Mathematical method used in optics and acoustics}} [[Image:Etalon-1-corr.svg|thumb|Propagation of a [[Ray (optics)|ray]] through a layer]] ...

==Optics== ...ves change phase by 180° when they reflect from the surface of a [[medium (optics)|medium]] with higher [[refractive index]] than that of the medium in which ...

...ength ranges of light,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Macleod HA |title=Thin-film optical filters |date=2001 |publisher=Institute of Physics Pub |location=Br ...t shows the reflection spectra calculated by the [[Transfer-matrix method (optics)|transfer-matrix method]] for the refractive index profiles of a Bragg and ...

...sub>1</sub> is the reflectivity spectrum of a sample covered by an organic film (even if the substrate is only partially covered) and ''R''₂ rep ...D.E.|date=February 1971|title=Differential reflection spectroscopy of very thin surface films|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/003960287190 ...

* Intermediate film welding. ...sub>2</sub> lasers are mostly applied to weld [[Thin film|thin films]] and thin plastics due to the high energy absorption [[Coefficient|coefficients]] of ...

...or deposition]] technique used for the [[epitaxy|epitaxial]] deposition of thin [[semiconductor]] ([[silicon]], [[germanium]] and [[Silicon-germanium|SiGe ...the plasma over the substrate, improving the homogeneity of the deposited film. ...

|journal = Applied Optics |journal = Applied Optics ...

...c crystal nanocavity design: The effect of a low-ε slab material | journal=Optics Express | publisher=The Optical Society | volume=16 | issue=7 | date=2008-0 ...g lasers. Advances in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers in Trends in Optics and Photonics Series 15, 69–74 (1997).</ref> ...

...y. The resulting digital image is then printed it onto a suitable mask or film and illuminated by a suitable source to reconstruct the wavefront of intere To understand the process, it is helpful to understand [[Interference (optics)|interference]] and [[diffraction]]. Interference occurs when one or more [ ...

...ial for high-power [[ultraviolet]] [[polarization (waves)|polarization]] [[optics]].<ref>[http://www.roditi.com/Laser/Birefringent/Alpha_BBO.htm Alpha Barium Beta barium borate, β-BaB₂O₄, is a [[nonlinear optics|nonlinear optical material]] transparent in the range ~190–3300&nbsp;nm. It ...

...imply as plasmonic solar cell, is a type of [[solar cell]] (including thin-film or wafer-based cells) that converts light into electricity with the assista | title = Advances in Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaic Devices ...

...— most commonly around a wavelength of 800 nm. In this case, an [[Electro-optics#Electro-optical_devices|electro-optic]] (EO) crystal, such as [[gallium nit ...tics Library |url=http://markelz.physics.buffalo.edu/node/411 |website=The Optics Library, Markelz Research Group |publisher=Tim LaFave Jr |access-date=June ...