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...[[Lyman continuum photons|Lyman continuum]], which means that all ionizing photons from the central star are absorbed inside the nebula. ...the [[Strömgren sphere]] of the nebula. Ionizations can only be caused by photons having at least the frequency <math>\nu_0</math>, corresponding to the ioni ...

...ency and higher energy, such as [[gamma ray]]s, as opposed to lower energy photons as in the optical and [[radio frequency]] regions of the [[electromagnetic ...ng|FM]] [[radio]] station transmitting at 100&nbsp;[[megahertz|MHz]] emits photons with an energy of about {{val|4.1357|e=-7|u=eV}}. This minuscule amount of ...

{{Short description|Ionization by more photons than are required}} ...the electron kinetic energy of the peak corresponding to ''s'' additional photons being absorbed.<ref name="Drake">{{cite book|editor=Gordon W. F. Drake|titl ...

...photons. For this description, the distribution of the number of emitted photons and also the [[Emission spectrum|energy spectrum]] for the electron should ...= \frac{5\sqrt{3}}{6} \frac{r_e e_0 \beta^4 \gamma }{ \hbar|\rho| } \text{ photons/sec}.</math> ...

.... Because the neutral hydrogen that formed was transparent to light, those photons which were not captured by other hydrogen atoms were able, for the first ti ...cle horizon|horizon size]] of the universe <math>H^{-1}</math>. After this photons were able to [[Free streaming|stream freely]], producing the cosmic microwa ...

...times when neutral hydrogen is in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] with the [[photons]] in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the neutral hydrogen and CMB ar ...between the hyperfine states, decoupling the neutral hydrogen from the CMB photons.<ref name="Wouthuysen1952">Wouthuysen (1952).</ref> ...

...ngle</math>, and <math>\langle n \rangle</math> is the average number of [[photons]] in the state and is related to the intensity of the light. The [[Phase ( As the average number of photons <math>\mid\alpha\mid^2</math> becomes very large, the minimum error becomes ...

...ime, <math>\Gamma</math>₂ which allows for constant emission of photons at a frequency <math>\omega</math>₁₂ which can be collected by a ...

...th>]] and [[phi meson|<math>\phi</math>]]. Therefore, interactions between photons and hadronic matter occur by the exchange of a hadron between the dressed p ...raction of energetic photons with protons is similar to the interaction of photons with neutrons<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bauer | first1=T. H. | last2=Spita ...

leads to the perturbation of both the linear [[dispersion relation]] of photons and constant dispersion of charge waves by the [[avoided crossing]] betwe ...d model of the dielectric predicts the existence of eternal trapped frozen photons similar to the [[Hawking radiation]] inside the matter with the density pro ...

| production of neutral [[pseudoscalar mesons]] by photons interacting with an [[atomic nucleus]] | deflection of high-energy photons in the Coulomb field of nuclei ...

'''Photon antibunching''' generally refers to a light field with photons more equally spaced than a coherent laser field,<ref>Anti-bunching and Enta ...g two simultaneous photons, normalized by the probability of detecting two photons at once for a random photon source. Here and after we assume stationary cou ...

...hotons. The transformation in the first example is linear in the number of photons, while in the second example it is not.{{clarify|reason=The second transfor ...

...top by emitting just one X-ray [[photon]]. Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has an energy less than 60&nbsp;keV.) A photon with energy of 60& ...

...ghtning]] discharges), the most important interaction is the scattering of photons at the nuclei of [[atoms]] or [[molecules]]. The full [[Quantum mechanics|q ...Koehn, C., [[Ute Ebert|Ebert, U.]], Angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung photons and of positrons for calculations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and posi ...

...is not perfectly [[collimated]], that not all of the fuel is converted to photons, and so on. A large amount of fuel would be required and the rocket would b ...on thruster is by amplifying the momentum transfer of photons by recycling photons between two high reflectance mirrors, one being stationary, or on a thruste ...

...Quantum computation and information'' (1998) pp. 81–83</ref> For example, photons in one of four polarizations could be used: at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° to som ...3/4</math> of success in duplicating it correctly. If the total number of photons on the bank note is <math>N</math>, a duplicate will have probability <math ...

...1A }}</ref> have studied an interaction of [[Photon polarization|polarized photons]], and these have demonstrated that the phenomenon does occur. However, the ...colleagues, they found a negative value for the combination in which both photons take the outer (no-annihilation) route. The results were not exactly as pre ...

...zmann equation|kinetic equation]] for [[photon]] number density with which photons interact with an electron gas via [[Compton scattering]], first derived by ...Shock wave structure in the radiation spectrum during Bose condensation of photons. Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Vol. 35, p. 81, 35 ...

...ith half-integer spins; and [[Boson|bosons]], with integer spins. [[Photon|Photons]], which are the [[Quantum|quanta]] of [[Electromagnetic radiation|light]], ...al transverse light.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cohen-Tannoudji|first1=C.|title=Photons and Atoms-Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics|last2=Dupont-Roc|first2=J ...