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...Original Sin |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-022-09704-3 |journal=Open Economies Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1007/s11079-022 ...bt), they showed that original sin was present in most of the [[developing economies]] and independent from histories of high [[inflation]] and [[currency depre ...

..."[[Global North|North]]" or "core" economy. The North–South model is used by dependencia theorists as a theoretical economic justification for [[depende * Both economies undergo complete [[division of labor|specialization]] ...

...movement]]. Long time ago scientists recognized the important role played by the money supply. Nevertheless, only approximately 50 years ago did [[Milto ...ovember 2024 }}</ref> The ratio can be as low as 10–20% for the [[emerging economies]] and as high as 100%+ for the [[developed countries]]. ...

...ess the sustainability of fiscal policies based on long-run projections of country's public finances (see for example,<ref name = "EC2009">[http://ec.europa.e ...ent value of future surpluses. That is, the government debt must be backed by expected future cash flows. ...

...is is described in this article as a "comprehensive GDP". It is calculated by multiplying the two numbers and then taking the square root of their produc This geometric mean may give a more rounded, stable, and balanced view of a country's size in the global economy. It recognizes both the international financia ...

...economics|economic]] model in [[international trade]] originally developed by [[James Brander]] and [[Barbara Spencer]] in the early 1980s. The model ill ...rugman/> Although it is possible for the national government to increase a country's welfare in the model through export subsidies, the policy is of [[beggar ...

...the foreign sector surplus and [[private sector]] surplus have been offset by a government budget deficit.<ref name="NPI">[https://www.npi.org.uk/blog/ec ...at the [[Levy Economics Institute]] to support macroeconomic modelling and by [[Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theorists]] to illustrate the rela ...

...eld- und Konkurrenzwirtschaft'' ''(Paradoxes of Competition-Based Monetary Economies)'' and ''Volkswirtschaftliche Saldenmechanik'' ''(Balances Mechanics of Eco ...ry, resulting from single economy thinking (partial sentence) are overcome by a correct micro foundation and introduction of the real existing credit eco ...

Often, these overall declines in the population are influenced by low fertility rates. When fertility is lower than the [[Sub-replacement fer ...nformation can help prompt governments to facilitate replacement migration by making policy changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bijak|first1=Jakub |date=2 ...

...conomy, such that there is augmentation of industrial output. This is done by transfer of labor from the agricultural sector to the industrial one, showi ...MP curve outwards. In Phase2 the level of disguised unemployment is given by AK.<ref name="Introduction to Developmental Economics" /> This allows the a ...

...odel of [[Planned economy#Central planning|centralized planning]] employed by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[socialist state]]s modeled on the [ ...all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].|isbn=978-0-230-54697-4}}</ref> An example of analytic ...

...]]. The benefits of infrastructure investment are shown both for old-style economies (ports, highways, railroads) as well as for the new age ([[high speed rail] ...can be defined as the variable in the output function not directly caused by the inputs, private and public capital. Thus, the impact of infrastructure ...

...Report" found that, of 140 countries analyzed, inclusive wealth increased by 44% from 1990 to 2014, implying an average annual growth rate of 1.8%. On a ...y many individual countries with UNEP support by a scientific panel headed by [[Partha Dasgupta|Sir Partha Dasgupta]] of [[Cambridge University]]. ...

...ent to hit its target. The concept of NGDP targeting was formally proposed by [[Neo-Keynesian economics|neo-Keynesian]] economists [[James Meade]] in 197 ...ularized in the wake of the [[2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crash]] by a group of economists (most notably [[Scott Sumner]]) whose views came to b ...

This page lists details of the [[consumer price index]] by country. The monthly and annual CPI is calculated and posted monthly by the [[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]].<ref>{{cit ...

...iduals largely outside the analysis, the modern approach, developed mainly by economists, has been based on the analysis of the constraints facing the ac ...Cambridge.</ref> and relies on the theory of supermodular games developed by [[Paul Milgrom]] and [[John Roberts]].<ref name="MIlgromRoberts">Milgrom P, ...

...ms and their issues caused by electrical production fluctuations. It works by water flowing into a container, at significant pressure, thus driving a tur ...input pressure is lower as well. The input pressure of both pumps is given by the water column above them. For the additional pump this is the water colu ...

...nnounced plans to have completely switched to the [[United States dollar]] by the end of that year.<ref name="McGee">{{cite news|last=McGee|first=Patrick ...lisation-task-force/ |archive-date=12 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> By July 2020, annual inflation was estimated to be 737%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=N ...

[[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|160px|[[Mikhail Lomon ...navigation)|Galileo]] and Chinese [[BeiDou]], and Russia's being the only country constructing [[Russian floating nuclear power station|mobile nuclear plants ...

...thumb|250px| Electric locomotive made in [[USSR]] in 1933 (designed in USA by GE)— "Suramsky Soviet", the 14th unit made]] ...on|25 kV AC 50&nbsp;Hz]] and 70%<ref name=75th /> of rail passenger-km was by electric railways. ...