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...ign purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender columns. ...sub></big>, the gross cross section area of the column <big>A_g, and the total cross section area of the steel rebar <big>A_st</big></ ...

...processes and factors determining the service life of reinforced concrete structures}} ...ed during the design stage in order to assess the material characteristics and the structural layout of the structure.<ref name="Bertolini book">.{{cite b ...

...the [[tensile]] and [[compressive strength]] of concrete. Cracking of the concrete causes a migration of the neutral axis which is accompanied by in-plane exp ...normally used to describe the arching phenomenon in one-way spanning slabs and compressive membrane action is normally used to describe the arching phenom ...

...'' refers to repeated applications of stress that lead to eventual fatigue and failure; ''low-cycle'' pertains to a long period between applications. ...neau|first1=Andre|chapter=Low-Cycle Fatigue|title=Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Fundamentals|date=2013|pages=113–177|doi=10.1002/9781118623435.ch4 |isbn=9 ...

...Soviet maritime specialists, new maps were published for the entire coast and marine region. ...n coast, covering the coastal waters at a range of 6 to 13 nautical miles, and in some capes up to 25 nautical miles. Presently there are a total of 84, m ...

...rosion]] resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those structures are exposed to the external environment. ...designs a structure to have sufficient [[Strength of materials|strength]] and [[stiffness]] to meet these criteria. ...

{{Short description|Long-term deformation of concrete due to drying shrinkage and mechanical stress}} ...ete is fully dried, it does not creep, but it is next to impossible to dry concrete fully without severe cracking. ...

...description|Deviation with the scale in the theories of elastic or plastic structures}} ...the town of Frejus, with several hundred fatalities. This dam, the tallest and slenderest at that time, failed because of an excessive horizontal slip in ...

...de liberté |journal=Acustica |volume=24 |pages=16–25 |language=fr}}</ref> and extended by Yi-Kwei Wen,<ref name="Wen76">{{cite journal |first1=Y. K. |las ...is of structures built of [[reinforced concrete]], [[steel]], [[masonry]], and timber. ...

| carries = Pedestrians and cyclists | winner = [[Expedition Engineering]] and Spence Associates ...

...myn]] in 1997 to help the search for the optimal geometry of architectural structures. ...-dimensional structure). The latter is formed of a pair of two-dimensional structures on non-parallel planes or three-dimensional curved volumes as in the case f ...

The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from [[Switzerland] ...biting a solar-type star discovered by Swiss astronomers [[Didier Queloz]] and [[Michel Mayor]] in 1995 ([[51 Pegasi b]]), Nobel-prize laureates in Physic ...

== Historical and architectural interest bridges == ...e.org/details/dli.pahar.1201/page/408/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, India |date=1890 |p ...

...many forms, the most important of which are muon transmission radiography and muon scattering tomography. ...veying much larger objects. Since muons are less likely to interact, stop and decay in low density matter than high density matter, a larger number of mu ...

...ircular economy]] (CE), [[building renovation]], [[biodiversity]], farming and [[innovation]].<ref name=":0" /> ...date=March 2023 |publisher=[[Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment]] |page=3 |last3=Narulla |first3=Harj |last4=Bradeen |first ...

...i |first=Prabhakar Mahadeo |date=1961 |title=The influence of bulk density and aggregate size on soil moisture retention |location=Ames, Iowa |publisher=[ ...<ref name="Brady">{{cite book |last=Brady |first=Nyle C. |title=The nature and properties of soils |edition=9th |year=1984 |publisher=[[Collier Macmillan] ...

...tributed loads (u.d.l.) and uniformly varying loads (u.v.l.) over the span and a number of concentrated loads are conveniently handled using this techniqu .... They can also include [[computers]] and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called [[mechanical system]]s.}} ...

...A77|title=The Innovators Behind Leonardo: The True Story of the Scientific and Technological Renaissance|last=Innocenzi|first=Plinio|date=2018-06-27|publi '''Italian inventions and discoveries''' are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or ...

...James Morton (1845–1920) in: ''The X-ray; Or, Photography of the Invisible and Its Value in Surgery'' (English; German: ''Röntgenstrahlen'', or: ''Die Pho ...th centuries with the realization that [[ionizing radiation]] from natural and artificial sources can have harmful effects on living organisms. As a resul ...