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The '''Sommerfeld parameter''' {{math|''η''}}, named after [[Arnold Sommerfeld]], is a [[dimensionless quantity]] used in [[nuclear astrophysics]] in the One of the first articles in which the Sommerfeld parameter appeared was published in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Breit |f ...

...quantity]] used extensively in [[hydrodynamic lubrication]] analysis. The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication analysis because it contains all th The Sommerfeld number is named after [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] (1868–1951). ...

...rfeldBethe1933">{{cite book|last1=Sommerfeld|first1=A.|author-link1=Arnold Sommerfeld|last2=Bethe|first2=H.|author-link2=Hans Bethe|title=Elektronentheorie der M ...

[[File: Drawing_of_Sommerfeld_atom.svg |thumb|310px|The Sommerfeld extensions of the 1913 solar system Bohr model of the [[hydrogen atom]] sho ...anish physicist [[Niels Bohr]] and German physicist [[Arnold Sommerfeld]]. Sommerfeld showed that, if electronic orbits are [[ellipse|elliptical]] instead of cir ...

A '''Sommerfeld expansion''' is an approximation method developed by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] for a certain class of [[integral]]s which are common in [[Condensed-matt ...ng/teaching_files/files%20of%20mf_statistical_physics/Sommerfeld.pdf|title=Sommerfeld's expansion|first=J|last=Fabian|publisher=Universitaet Regensburg|access-da ...

...oche | first2=Claude | last3=Fauve | first3=Stéphan | title=Observation of Sommerfeld Precursors on a Fluid Surface | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher ...on and Group Velocity'' (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1960), Ch. 1.</ref> Sommerfeld's work was expanded in the following years by [[Léon Brillouin]], who appli ...

==Sommerfeld's approximation== ...imate solution which can satisfy the other boundary condition in 1932.<ref>Sommerfeld, A. "Integrazione asintotica dell’equazione differenziale di Thomas–Fermi." ...

...iko|2015|p=3}} in 1915, independently of other scientists, he formulated [[Sommerfeld-Wilson-Ishiwara quantization|quantization rules]] for systems with several ...], [[ETH Zurich]] and [[Leiden University]], where he worked with [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] and [[Albert Einstein]]. After returning to his homeland, Ishiwara receiv ...

...using [[rapidity]] was shown by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] in 1909<ref>{{harvp|Sommerfeld|1909}}.</ref> and [[Vladimir Varićak]] in 1910.<ref name=vari>{{harvp|Varič ...= Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. |volume= 21 |pages= 577–582 |author-link= Arnold Sommerfeld }} ...

...(the linear theory is named here after Orr and [[Arnold Sommerfeld]]: Orr-Sommerfeld equations).<ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06434 David Gerard-Varet, Yasun ...

...pdf] available via [[ResearchGate]]</ref><ref>[[Felix Klein]] and [[Arnold Sommerfeld]], ''Über die Theorie des Kreisels'', vol 1. (Teubner, 1897). Translated ( ...

...ERIODIC SYSTEM, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.</ref> Sommerfeld retained Bohr's planetary model, but added mildly elliptical orbits (charac ...e, IL, Einstein, Albert 'Autobiographical Notes', pp.45-47.</ref> [[Arnold Sommerfeld]], who had followed the ''Atombau'' structure of electrons instead of Bohr ...

...development of [[quantum mechanics]]. This paradox was solved by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] after the discovery of the [[Pauli exclusion principle]], who recognised ...res that are small compared to the [[Fermi temperature]] by applying the [[Sommerfeld expansion]] and using the approximation that <math>\mu</math> differs from ...

...s supported by three legs: (a) the [[Niels Bohr|Bohr]]–[[Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld]] “[[Solar System|solar system]]” [[atomic model]] (with [[electron spin]] ...solutions to the Schroedinger equation. The [[Bohr model#Refinements|Bohr–Sommerfeld model]] should not be ignored: it gave explanations for the wealth of spect ...

...909),<ref name=herglotz1 group=H /><ref name=herglotz2 group=H /> [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] (1910),<ref name=sommerfeld1 group=H /><ref name=sommerfeld2 group=H /> v ;1910{{colon}}: [[Arnold Sommerfeld]]<ref name=sommerfeld1 group=H /> brought Born's formulas for hyperbolic mo ...

...ment of the quantum mechanical [[free electron model]] in 1927 by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] the electronic contribution was found to be orders of magnitude smaller. ...

...two defining properties.<ref>Goldstein, p. 71; Landau and Lifshitz, p. 30; Sommerfeld, p. 39; Symon, p. 121.</ref> First, it must drive particles either directly ...center of the more massive body may be treated as approximately fixed.<ref>Sommerfeld, p. 39; Symon, p. 123.</ref> For example, the Sun is overwhelmingly more ma ...

...n describing phase transitions; Sommerfeld described this as follows:{{sfn|Sommerfeld|1956|p=66}}<blockquote>It is very remarkable that the theory due to van der ...rule can also be derived by making use of the Helmholtz free energy.{{sfn|Sommerfeld|1956|pp=67-68}} In any event the Maxwell construction derives from the Gibb ...

...cs]], and was edited by Felix Klein and {{ill|Conrad Müller|de}}. [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] edited volume 5 (in 3 separate books) on "Physics", a series that ran unt ...

...}} but the Reynolds number was named by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] in 1908{{sfn|Sommerfeld| 1908|pp=116–124}} after [[Osborne Reynolds]] who popularized its use in 18 The Reynolds number is defined as:{{sfn|Sommerfeld| 1908|pp=116–124}}{{Equation box 1|cellpadding|border|indent=:|equation=<ma ...