Pseudo algebraically closed field

In mathematics, a field $K$ is pseudo algebraically closed if it satisfies certain properties which hold for algebraically closed fields. The concept was introduced by James Ax in 1967.^[1]

Formulation

A field K is pseudo algebraically closed (usually abbreviated by PAC^[2]) if one of the following equivalent conditions holds:

Each absolutely irreducible variety $V$ defined over $K$ has a $K$ -rational point.
For each absolutely irreducible polynomial $f \in K [T_{1}, T_{2}, \dots, T_{r}, X]$ with $\frac{\partial f}{\partial X} ≠ 0$ and for each nonzero $g \in K [T_{1}, T_{2}, \dots, T_{r}]$ there exists $(𝐚, b) \in K^{r + 1}$ such that $f (𝐚, b) = 0$ and $g (𝐚) ≠ 0$ .
Each absolutely irreducible polynomial $f \in K [T, X]$ has infinitely many $K$ -rational points.
If $R$ is a finitely generated integral domain over $K$ with quotient field which is regular over $K$ , then there exist a homomorphism $h : R \to K$ such that $h (a) = a$ for each $a \in K$ .

Algebraically closed fields and separably closed fields are always PAC.
Pseudo-finite fields and hyper-finite fields are PAC.
A non-principal ultraproduct of distinct finite fields is (pseudo-finite and hence^[3]) PAC.^[2] Ax deduces this from the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.^[1]
Infinite algebraic extensions of finite fields are PAC.^[4]
The PAC Nullstellensatz. The absolute Galois group $G$ of a field $K$ is profinite, hence compact, and hence equipped with a normalized Haar measure. Let $K$ be a countable Hilbertian field and let $e$ be a positive integer. Then for almost all $e$ -tuples $(σ_{1}, ..., σ_{e}) \in G^{e}$ , the fixed field of the subgroup generated by the automorphisms is PAC. Here the phrase "almost all" means "all but a set of measure zero".^[5] (This result is a consequence of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem.)
Let K be the maximal totally real Galois extension of the rational numbers and i the square root of −1. Then K(i) is PAC.

The Brauer group of a PAC field is trivial,^[6] as any Severi–Brauer variety has a rational point.^[7]
The absolute Galois group of a PAC field is a projective profinite group; equivalently, it has cohomological dimension at most 1.^[7]
A PAC field of characteristic zero is C1.^[8]