Orders of magnitude (energy)

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude. Template:Clear

Below 1 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
10−35 Template:Val Optical dipole potential measured in a tune-out experiment with ultracold metastable helium.[1]
10−34 Template:Val Energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.,[2][3] equivalent to 4.14×10−15 eV or, alternatively stated, One two-hundred-fifty-trillionth of one eV.)
Template:Val Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached (38 picokelvin[4] Template:As of[5])
10−30Template:Anchor quecto- (qJ)
10−28 6.6×10−28Template:NbspJ Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[6]
10−27Template:Anchor ronto- (rJ)
10−24Template:Anchor yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24Template:NbspJ Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5Template:NbspeV)[7][8]
10−23 2×10−23Template:NbspJ Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[9][10]
10−22 2×10−22 – 3×10−19Template:NbspJ Energy of infrared light photons[11]
10−21Template:Anchor zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21Template:NbspJ 1Template:NbspkJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[12]
2.1×10−21Template:NbspJ Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[13]
2.856×10−21Template:NbspJ By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information
3–7×10−21Template:NbspJ Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04Template:NbspeV)[14][15]
4.1×10−21Template:NbspJ The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[16]
7–22×10−21Template:NbspJ Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[14][17]
10−20 4.5×10−20Template:NbspJ Upper bound of the mass–energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28Template:NbspeV)[18][19]
10−19 Template:Val 1 electronvolt (eV) by definition. This value is exact as a result of the 2019 revision of SI units.[20]
3–5×10−19Template:NbspJ Energy range of photons in visible light (≈1.6–3.1Template:NbspeV)[21][22]
3–14×10−19Template:NbspJ Energy of a covalent bond (2–9Template:NbspeV)[14][23]
5×10−19 – 2×10−17Template:NbspJ Energy of ultraviolet light photons[11]
10−18Template:Anchor atto- (aJ) 1.78×10−18Template:NbspJ Bond dissociation energy for the carbon monoxide (CO) triple bond, alternatively stated: 1072 kJ/mol; 11.11 eV per molecule.[24]

This is the strongest chemical bond known.

2.18×10−18Template:NbspJ Ground state ionization energy of hydrogen (13.6Template:NbspeV)
10−17 2×10−17 – 2×10−14Template:NbspJ Energy range of X-ray photons[11]
10−16
10−15Template:Anchor femto- (fJ) 3 × 10−15Template:NbspJ Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[25][26][27]
10−14 1×10−14Template:NbspJ Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[28][29][30]
> 2×10−14Template:NbspJ Energy of gamma ray photons[11]
2.7×10−14Template:NbspJ Upper bound of the mass–energy of a muon neutrino[31][32]
8.2×10−14Template:NbspJ Template:AnchorRest mass–energy of an electron[33] (0.511 MeV)[34]
10−13 1.6×10−13Template:NbspJ 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[35]
2.3×10−13Template:NbspJ Energy released by a single event of two protons fusing into deuterium (1.44 MeV)[36]
10−12Template:Anchor pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by DT fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[37][38]
10−11 1.3646×10−11Template:NbspJ Energy consumed for one floating-point operation by KAIROS, the most energy-efficient supercomputer as of November 2025[39]
3.4×10−11Template:NbspJ Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[40][41]
10−10 1.492×10−10Template:NbspJ Mass-energy equivalent of 1 Da[42] (931.5 MeV)[43]
1.503×10−10Template:NbspJ Rest mass–energy of a proton[44] (938.3 MeV)[45]
1.505×10−10Template:NbspJ Rest mass–energy of a neutron[46] (939.6 MeV)[47]
1.6×10−10Template:NbspJ 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[48]
3×10−10Template:NbspJ Rest mass–energy of a deuteron[49]
6×10−10Template:NbspJ Rest mass–energy of an alpha particle[50]
7×10−10Template:NbspJ Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1 mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[51]
10−9Template:Anchor nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9Template:NbspJ 10 GeV[52]
8×10−9Template:NbspJ Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[53][54]
10−8 1.3×10−8Template:NbspJ Mass–energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[55][56]
1.5×10−8Template:NbspJ Mass–energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[57][58]
1.6×10−8Template:NbspJ 100 GeV[59]
2×10−8Template:NbspJ Mass–energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[60]
6.4×10−8Template:NbspJ Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[61][62]
10−7 1×10−7Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 erg[63]
1.6×10−7Template:NbspJ 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[64] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[65]
10−6Template:Anchor micro- (μJ) 1.04×10−6Template:NbspJ Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[66][67]
10−5
10−4 1.0×10−4Template:NbspJ Energy released by a typical radioluminescent wristwatch in 1 hour[68][69] (1 μCi × 4.871 MeV × 1 hr)
10−3Template:Anchor milli- (mJ) 3.0×10−3Template:NbspJ Energy released by a P100 atomic battery in 1 hour[70] (2.4 V × 350 nA × 1 hr)
10−2Template:Anchor centi- (cJ) 4.0×10−2Template:NbspJ Use of a typical LED for 1 second[71] (2.0 V × 20 mA × 1 s)
10−1Template:Anchor deci- (dJ) 1.1×10−1Template:NbspJ Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[72][73]

1 to 105 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
100 J 1Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 N·m (newton–metre)
1Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 W·s (watt-second)
1Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[74]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[75]
1Template:NbspJ Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius[76]
1.4Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[63]
4.184Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[63]
4.1868Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[77]
8Template:NbspJ Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[78][79]
101Template:Anchor deca- (daJ) 10Template:NbspJ Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor Template:Nowrap at Template:Nowrap[80][81]
50Template:NbspJ The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected.[82]
102Template:Anchor hecto- (hJ) 1.25×102Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation (standard) baseball (Template:Cvt)[83] thrown at average MLB pitch speed (Template:Cvt).[84]
1.5×102 - 3.6×102Template:NbspJ Energy delivered by a biphasic external electric shock (defibrillation), usually during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest.
3×102Template:NbspJ Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[85]
3×102Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[86][87][88]
3.3×102Template:NbspJ Energy to melt 1 g of ice[89]
3.6×102Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of 800-gram[90] standard men's javelin thrown at 30 m/s[91] by elite javelin throwers[92]
5×102 – 2×103Template:NbspJ Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[93]
6×102Template:NbspJ Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1 minute
7.5×102Template:NbspJ A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[63]
7.8×102Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[94] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/sTemplate:Citation needed by the world record holder Randy Barnes[95]
8.01×102Template:NbspJ Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above Earth (or any planet with Earth gravity)
103Template:Anchor kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[63]
1.4×103Template:NbspJ Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[96]
2.3×103Template:NbspJ Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[97]
3×103Template:NbspJ Lorentz force can crusher pinch[98]
3.4×103Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[99] thrown at 30.7 m/s[100] in 1986)[101]
3.6×103Template:NbspJ ≡ 1 W·h (watt-hour)[63]
4.2×103Template:NbspJ Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[63][102]
4.2×103Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103Template:NbspJ Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[103]
8.5×103Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of sound (343Template:Nbspm/s = 767Template:Nbspmph = 1,235Template:Nbspkm/h. Air, 20 °C).[104]
9×103Template:NbspJ Energy in an alkaline AA battery[105]
104 1.7×104Template:NbspJ Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[106] or protein[107]
3.8×104Template:NbspJ Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[108]
4–5×104Template:NbspJ Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[109]
5×104Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[110]
105 Template:Nowrap Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[111] at Template:Nowrap or Template:Nowrap)[112]

106 to 1011 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
106Template:Anchor mega- (MJ) 1×106Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a 2-tonne[111] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[113]
1.2×106Template:NbspJ Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[114]
3.6×106Template:NbspJ = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[63]
4.2×106Template:NbspJ Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[63][102]
6.1×106Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of the 4 kg tungsten APFSDS penetrator after being fired from a 120 mm KE-W A1 cartridge with a nominal muzzle velocity of 1740 m/s.[115][116]
8.4×106Template:NbspJ Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[117][118]
9.1×106Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at Earth's escape velocity (First cosmic velocity ≈ 11.186 km/s = 25,020 mph = 40,270 km/h).[119]
107 1×107Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the ISU-152 assault gun[120]Template:Citation needed
1.1×107Template:NbspJ Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[117][121]
3.3×107Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a Template:Cvt projectile fired by the Navy's Mach 8 railgun.[122]
3.7×107Template:NbspJ $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[123][124][125]
4×107Template:NbspJ Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[126]
4.2×107Template:NbspJ Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[127]
6.3×107Template:NbspJ Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[128]
9×107Template:NbspJ Total mass-energy of 1 microgram of matter (25 kWh)
108 1×108Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a 55-tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)Template:Citation needed
1.1×108Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[63]
1.1×108Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[129] ridden at 5 W/kg[130] by a 65 kg rider[131]
7.3×108Template:NbspJ ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)Template:Citation needed
109Template:Anchor giga- (GJ) 1×109Template:NbspJ Energy in an average lightning bolt[132] (thunder)
1.1×109Template:NbspJ Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[133]
1.2×109Template:NbspJ Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)
1.4×109Template:NbspJ Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[134][135]
1.77×109Template:NbspJ Theoretical minimum energy required for a 1 kg object on Jupiter to accelerate to Jupiter's escape velocity and thus leave its gravity well.[136][137]
2×109Template:NbspJ Combustion energy of Template:Convert of gasoline in a standard fuel tank of a car.[109][138][139]
2×109Template:NbspJ Derived unit of energy in Planck units,[140] roughly the diesel tank energy of a mid-sized truck. Its mass-equivalent is the Planck mass.
2.49×109Template:NbspJ Approximate kinetic energy carried by American Airlines Flight 11 at the moment of impact with WTC 1 on September 11, 2001.[141][142]
3×109Template:NbspJ Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)
3.3×109Template:NbspJ Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[143][144]
3.6×109Template:NbspJ = 1 MW·h (megawatt-hour)
4.2×109Template:NbspJ Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.
4.5×109Template:NbspJ Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[145][146]
6.1×109Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[147]
1010 1.9×1010Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s)
4.2×1010Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[147]
4.6×1010Template:NbspJ Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (MOAB), the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed (11 tons of TNT)[148][149][150][151]
7.3×1010Template:NbspJ Energy consumed by the average US automobile in the year 2000[152][153][154]
8.6×1010Template:NbspJ ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants (24 MW·h)[155]
8.8×1010Template:NbspJ Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[40][41][156]
9×1010Template:NbspJ Total mass-energy of 1 milligram of matter (25 MW·h)
1011 1.1×1011Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at lightning speed (120 km/s = 270,000 mph = 435,000 km/h).[157]
1.84×1011 J Yield energy of the Father of All Bombs (FOAB), the most energetic conventional weapon (44 tons of TNT).[148][149]
2.4×1011Template:NbspJ Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[158]

1012 to 1017 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1012Template:Anchor tera- (TJ) 1.85×1012Template:NbspJ Gravitational potential energy of the Twin Towers, combined, accumulated throughout their construction and released during the collapse of the complex.[159][160][161]
3.4×1012Template:NbspJ Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[162] of Jet A-1[163])[164]
3.6×1012Template:NbspJ 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[165]
4×1012Template:NbspJ Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[166] thermal efficiency of reactor[167][168]
4.2×1012Template:NbspJ Chemical energy released by the detonation of 1 kiloton of TNT[63][169]
6.4×1012Template:NbspJ Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[170] of Jet A-1[163])[171]
~5.44×1011-8.4×1012 J Range of the energy of the Beirut explosion in 2020 (0.13-2 kt)[172][173]
1013 1.1×1013Template:NbspJ Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[174] of Jet A-1[163])[175]
1.2×1013Template:NbspJ Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[176] at 7.7 km/s[177])[178]
1.20×1013Template:NbspJ Orbital kinetic energy of the Parker Solar Probe as it dives deep into the Sun's gravity well in December 2024, reaching a peak velocity of 430,000 mph.[179][180][181]
~1.21×1013 J Energy released by the Halifax explosion (2.9 kt) in 1917[182]
~4-4.7×1013 J Estimated energy, respectively, of the main fragment and of the entire Kaali impact event (9.6-11.2 kilotons of TNT).[183][184]
6.3×1013Template:NbspJ Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[185][186]
8.7×1013 J Modern yield estimates of the Trinity Test, the first U.S. and the first atomic test in history (21 kt)[187][188]
9×1013Template:NbspJ Theoretical total mass–energy of 1 gram of matter (25 GW·h) [189]
9.2×1013 J Yield of RDS-1, the first soviet atomic test (22 kt)[190][191]
1014 1.8×1014Template:NbspJ Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter (50 GW·h)
2.09×1014 J Upper limit (50 kt) of the energy range of small tactical nuclear weapons (0.1-50 kt)[192][193]
6×1014Template:NbspJ Energy released by an average hurricane per day[194]
1015 peta- (PJ) Template:Anchor > 1015Template:NbspJ Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[195]
1×1015Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[196][197]
~1.7-2.1×1015Template:NbspJ The best range of the energy (~400-500 kilotons of TNT, ~30 times more energetic of Little Boy) released by the airburst of the Chelyabinsk meteor in 2013[198][199][200][201]
3.5×1015 J Estimated energy of the tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004[202]
4.2×1015Template:NbspJ Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[63][203]
6.7×1015 J Yield of RDS-37 (1.6 megaton), the first Soviet two-stage hydrogen bomb test[204]
9.6×1015 J Estimated energy of the tsunami triggered by Krakatoa in 1883[202]
1016 ~4.2×1015-8.4×1016Template:NbspJ Range of the estimated energy for the impact that formed Meteor or Barringer Crater, one of the best-preserved impact craters on Earth and the first identified impact crater in the geological history (for simplicity ~1-20 megatons of TNT, ≈ 70–1300 times more energetic of the Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima;[205] its seismic waves at Mw 5.2-5.4 (Mw 3.3-3.5 at 160 km) would have triggered a landslide at Nankoweap which would have blocked the Colorado river creating the Nankoweap Paleolake.[206]
1.1×1016Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[196][207]
~2.9×1016 J The estimated energy of the lateral blast (7 megatons) from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens[208]
4.36×1016 J Yield of Ivy Mike, the first U.S. thermonuclear test (10.4 megatons)[209][210]
6.3×1016Template:NbspJ Yield of Castle Bravo, the most powerful nuclear weapon tested by the United States (15 megatons of TNT)[211]
7.9×1016Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at 99% the speed of light (KE = mc^2 × [γ-1], where the Lorentz factor γ ≈ 7.09).[212]
9×1016Template:NbspJ Mass–energy of 1 kilogram of matter[213]
1017 ~4.1-8.3×1016-(1.26×1017 J) The most likely range of the energy in the Tunguska event in 1908, the most remarkable astronomical airburst-impact event in the modern times (~10-30 megatons of TNT, ≈700-2,000 times more energetic of Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima[214][215]
1×1017 J Estimated energy of the Yilan impact in China (24 megatons of TNT)[216][217]
1-1.09×1017 J Total energy released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens as blast and heat (24-26 megatons)[208][218][219]
1.4×1017Template:NbspJ Seismic energy released by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[220]
1.7×1017Template:NbspJ Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[221]
2.1×1017Template:NbspJ Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons of TNT)[222][223]
2.552×1017Template:NbspJ Estimated energy of the explosion on 15 January 2022 in the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption[224][225]
4.2×1017Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[196][226]
4.516×1017Template:NbspJ Energy needed to accelerate one ton of mass to 0.1 c (~30,000 km/s)[227]
4.184-8.368×1017 J Another estimated energy of the explosion on 15 January 2022 in the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption through infrasound and acoustic-gravity waves (100-200 megatons of TNT)[228]
8.4×1017Template:NbspJ Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883 (200 megatons of TNT)[229][230][231][232]

1018 to 1023 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1018 exa- (EJ) Template:Anchor 2×1018 J Another estimated energy of the earthquake that shocked the Indian Ocean in 2004[202]
2.1×1018 J Estimated energy of the megatsunami triggered by the Mjølnir impact event[202]
5.86×1018 J Estimated energy of the Hapcheon impact (1400 megatons),[233] the first impact confirmed impact crater in Korean Peninsula;[234] stromatolites in a hydrothermal environment within such a recent crater could have significant implications for understanding how life might have arisen[235][236]
5.02-6.80×1018 J Estimated energy of a hypothetical Apophis impact (1200-1625 megatons)[237][238]
9.4×1018Template:NbspJ Worldwide nuclear-powered electricity output in 2023.[239][240]
1019 1×1019Template:NbspJ Thermal energy released by the 1991 Pinatubo eruption[241]
1.1×1019Template:NbspJ Seismic energy released by the 1960 Valdivia Earthquake[241]
1.2×1019Template:NbspJ Explosive yield of global nuclear arsenal[242] (2.86 gigatons of TNT)
1.4×1019Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity consumption in the US as of 2009[196][243]
1.4×1019J Yearly electricity production in the US as of 2009[244][245]
~2×1019 J Estimated energy of Nadir impact (5 gigatons of TNT), proposed as part of a binary asteroid or impact cluster together with the same Chicxulub[246]
5×1019Template:NbspJ Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[194]
6.4×1019Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity consumption of the world Template:As of[247][248]
6.8×1019Template:NbspJ Yearly electricity generation of the world Template:As of[247][249]
1020 1.4×1020Template:NbspJ Total energy released in the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption[250] (30 gigatons of TNT)
2.33×1020Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a carbonaceous chondrite meteor 1 km in diameter striking Earth's surface at 20 km/s.[251] Such an impact occurs every ~500,000 years.[252]
2.4×1020Template:NbspJ Total latent heat energy released by Hurricane Katrina[253]
3.35×1020 J Energy released by the Eltanin impact in water (80 gigatons of TNT) assuming 1 km diameter projectile at 20 km/s)[254] which is the only known deep-ocean impact into water, resulting in a megatsunami with height up to 200–300 m[255][256][257]
5×1020Template:NbspJ Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[258][259]
6.2×1020Template:NbspJ World primary energy generation in 2023 (620 EJ).[260][261]
8×1020Template:NbspJ Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[262][263][264][265]
1021 zetta- (ZJ) Template:Anchor ~1.26-1.67×1021 J Range of energy of Bosumtwi impact (300,000-400,000 megatons of TNT) assuming an apparent outermost ring of ~27 km.[266]
~1.6 × 1021 J Estimated energy released by the Mjølnir impact event (3.8×105 megatons of TNT), the best impact crater to piece together the hydrodinamic sequence for the impacts which happens into shallow seas; evidence of a megatsunami in the Barents Sea is strongly linked to the impact.[267][202][268]
~1-2.1×1021 J Range of energy of the Zhamansinh impact (240,000-500,000 megatons of TNT) considering an apparent outermost ring of ~30 km, likely the best preserved complex impact crater known within the past one million years and maybe responsible of global-environmental adjustaments at the Mid-Pleistocene Transition[269][266]
~2.76-3.04×1021 J Range of energy of the Pantasma impact (660,000-727,000 megatons of TNT) assuming an apparent outermost ring of ~35 km[266]
~4×1021 J Estimated energy of Araguainha impact (~1 million or 1×106 megatons of TNT),[270] which could have contributed to the permian-triassic extinction releasing ~1,600 gigatons of methane due to direct effects of the impact[271][272]
~5×1021 J Estimated energy (~1.2×106 megatons of TNT) released by the Saqqar impact, the largest known in the arabian peninsula[273]
6.9×1021Template:NbspJ Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[258][274]
7.0×1021Template:NbspJ Thermal energy released by the Toba eruption[241] (1.6 Teratons of TNT)
~7.3×1021 J Estimated energy of Chesapeake Bay impact event (1.75 million megatons of TNT)[275] with some possibility that it was part of a multiple impact event together with Popigai impact event and Toms Canyion[276][277][278][279] and some biospheric consequences;[280][281][272] the first evidence of distal deposits linked to the impact are found at a distance of 380 km in the site of Paint Hill (Moore County, North Carolina), with sedimentary beds (Mount Helicon Formation, MHF), containing ejecta, lapilli, tsunami layers and even black-carbon glass produced by the thermal wave that incinerated biomasses[282]
7.9×1021Template:NbspJ Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[258][283]
9.3×1021Template:NbspJ Annual net uptake of thermal energy by the global ocean during 2003-2018[284]
1022 1.2×1022J Seismic energy of a magnitude 11 earthquake on Earth (M 11)[285]
1.3×1022 J Another estimated energy (3.1×106 megatons of TNT) of the Mjølnir impact event[202]
1.5×1022J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[221][286]
1.94×1022J Impact event that formed the Siljan Ring (~4.6 millions of megatons of TNT), the largest impact structure in Europe[287]
2-3×1022 J Estimated energy of Manicougan impact event (4.8–7.2 × 106 megatons of TNT),[288] possibly linked to biospheric consequences[289][290][291][280][281][272] and proposed as part of a multiple-impact event,[292] a hypotesis less likely according to recent works[293][294]
~2.18×1022 J Estimated energy of Acraman impact event (~5.2 × 106 megatons of TNT) with possible biospheric consequences;[295][272] the first direct dating at 585±15 Ma correlate it to the medium Edicarian, in the middle edicarian glaciation[296]
2.4×1022Template:NbspJ Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[258][297]
2.9×1022Template:NbspJ Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[262]
3.9×1022Template:NbspJ Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[258][298]
4.0×1022Template:NbspJ Mass-energy equivalent of the International Space Station (ISS), weighing around 450 tons.[299][300]
>4.184×1022 J Estimated energy (>106 megatons of TNT) of large-scale impact events to trigger regional-global damages (blast and earthquake on regional scale, tsunami cresting to 100 m and flooding 20 km inland, and wildfires that would be set globally)[301][281][272]
8.03×1022Template:NbspJ Total energy of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[302]
1023 >1023 J The magnitude of energy of Popigai impact event (~23 × 106 megatons of TNT),[303][304] with some possibility that it was part of a multiple impact event together with Chesapeake Bay impact event and Toms Canyion[276][277][278][279] and some biospheric consequences[281][280][272]
~1.2×1023 J (0.4×1023-3×1023 J) Energetic range of the impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 (~1.2 × 1023 J ≈ 2.9×107 megatons of TNT), the first multiple-impact ever seen by mankind with direct-scientific observation, despite having happened on Jupiter, and the first collision observed in the Solar System too[305]
1.5×1023Template:NbspJ Total energy of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake[306]
2.2×1023Template:NbspJ Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[262]
~1-7.7×1023Template:NbspJ Proposed energy range for the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula by the Chicxulub impactor, (from ~23 to hundreds of teratons of TNT) cited by literature when typically referred to in the order of 1023 joules;[307][308][309][310][311] Chicxulub is extremely important to be the only impact event linked to a mass extinction, the K-Pg extinction, with a near absolute certainty.[312][313][314][315][307][272]
8.6×1023 J Estimated energy of Sudbury impact (≈2.1 × 108 megatons of TNT)[316]

Over 1024 J

Template:Anchor

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1024 yotta- (YJ) ~1.6×1024 J Estimated energy of Morokweng impact (~4 × 107 megatons of TNT) assuming ~130 km in diameter, possibly linked to the Thitonian or minor extinctions[280][281][317][272]
~7.3×1023-1.60×1024 J Estimated energy of the Vredefort impact[318][319][320] based on factors of ~1.7 and 3.7 relative to previous estimates[321][322]
2.31×1024Template:NbspJ Another estimated energy of Sudbury impact event (550 teratons of TNT)[323]
2.69×1024Template:NbspJ Rotational energy of Venus, which has a sidereal period of (-)243 Earth days.[324][325][326] The anomalously low value derives its origin from the deceleration of its rotation by atmospheric tides induced by the Sun.[327]
0.7-3.4×1024 J Another range of energy of the Chicxulub impact event if 1024 Joules are assumed[328]
~2-4×1024 J Range of energy of Vredefort impact[318][319][320]
3.8×1024Template:NbspJ Radiative heat energy released from the Earth's surface each year[241]
4×1024 J Estimated energy of Paraburdoo impact (late Archean) with distal spherule layer of 2 cm, 5-10 times more energetic of Chicxulub impact if an energy for it of 6×1023 J is assumed[329][330][331][332][333]
~4.184×1024 J Estimated energy (~109 megatons of TNT) of a large-scale impact events to trigger a global acidification of the ocean surface waters by sulfur from the interiors of comets and asteroids[301]
≤5 × 1024 J Estimated energy of the Chicxulub impact if an asteroid of 12 km in diameter, taking into account the crater size, the meteoritic content of the K-Pg boundary clay, and different impact models, is assumed[334]
5.5×1024Template:NbspJ Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[221][335]
1-9×1024Template:NbspJ The order of magnitude of the estimated energy of Sudbury, Vredefort and late Archean impacts, and of the formation of Iridum basin[329][336]
1025 3×1025 J Estimated energy of Barberton S3 impact with distal layer thick of ~25 cm; ~50 times more energetic of Chicxulub impact if an energy for it of 6×1023 J is assumed[329][330][331][332][333]
4×1025Template:NbspJ Total energy of the Carrington Event in 1859[337]
5.8×1025 J Upper limit of the energy of the Chicxulub impact, assuming dozens of kilometers in diameter for the impactor according to different models, and magnitude of the other giant astronomic impacts on Earth[338]
2-9×1025 J Range of estimated energy of the impact that formed Mare Orientale on the Moon[339]
1026 >1026 J Estimated energy of early Archean asteroid impacts and Imbrium basin formation; in general, the minimum energetic order of magnitude for the largest impact basins of the Moon (traditionally associated to the Late Heavy Bombardment), Mars and of the Solar System too[340][329][330][331][332][333]
>1026 J Lower limit of the energy of short bursts released by magnetars, calculated according to peak luminosity[341][342]
~3×1026 J Estimated energy of Barberton S5 impact with 10–100 cm of distal layer thick, comparable to the great lunar basin impacts; ~500 times more energetic of Chicxulub impact if an energy for it of 6×1023 J is assumed[329][330][331][332][333]
3.2×1026Template:NbspJ Bolometric energy of Proxima Centauri's superflare in March 2016 (10^33.5 erg). In one year, potentially five similar superflares erupts from the surface of the red dwarf.[343]
3.828×1026Template:NbspJ Total radiative energy output of the Sun per second,[344] as defined by the IAU.[345]
≥4×1026 J Estimated energy for the formation of South-Pole Aitken basin[346][329]
5.33×1026 J Estimated energy of the Hellas Planitia impact[347]
1027 ronna- (RJ) 1×1027Template:NbspJ Estimated energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury.[348] (238 petatons of TNT)
1×1027Template:NbspJ Upper limit of the most energetic solar flares possible (x 1000)[349]
4×1027 J Estimated energy of the astronomic impact that formed the Utopia Basin, the largest impact crater in the Solar System[350]
4.2×1027Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of the Oh-My-God particle, itself a cosmic ray proton with the kinetic energy of a baseball thrown at 60Template:Nbspmph (~50Template:NbspJ).[351] (1 exaton of TNT)
5.19×1027Template:NbspJ Thermal input necessary to evaporate all surface water on Earth.[352][353][354] Note that the evaporated water still remains on Earth in vapor form.
1028 >1028 J The probable order of magnitude of the energy impact that formed the Utopia Basin[350]
3.845×1028Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[355][356]
7×1028Template:NbspJ Total energy of the stellar superflare from V1355 Orionis[357][358]
1029 2.1×1029Template:NbspJ Rotational energy of the Earth[359][360][361]
3-6×1029 J Range of estimated energy in the formation of Borealis Basin on Mars if an impact origin, that could have formed Phobos and Deimos due to the ejected material in the orbit, is assumed[362][363]
1030 quetta-(QJ) ~1030 J Lower limit of the energy range of fast radio bursts (FRBs)[364][365]
1.79×1030Template:NbspJ Rough estimated of the gravitational binding energy of Mercury.[366]
1.79-5.37×1030 J Range of gravitational accretion energy released by the Late Veneer by the accretion of 0.5-1.5% of the mass of Earth[367][368][369]
1031 2×1031Template:NbspJ The Theia Impact, the most energetic event ever in Earth's history[370][371]
3.3×1031J Total energy output of the Sun each day[344][372]
1032 ~1×1032 J Estimated energy of a micronova, a new type of stellar explosion discovered in 2022[373][374]
1.71×1032Template:NbspJ Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[375]
3.10×1032Template:NbspJ Yearly energy output of Sirius B, the ultra-dense and Earth-sized white dwarf companion of Sirius, the Dog Star. It has a surface temperature of about 25,200 K.[376]
1033 2.7×1033Template:NbspJ Earth's kinetic energy at perihelion in its orbit around the Sun[377][378]
1034 ~1034 J Average energy in gamma-rays of novae detected by Fermi-LAT[379]
1.2×1034Template:NbspJ Total energy output of the Sun each year[344][380]
4.13×1034Template:NbspJ Rotational energy of Jupiter, calculated using an updated value for the moment of inertia factor of 0.26393 ± 0.00001.[381][382][383]
1035 >1035 J Upper limit of the energy range of fast radio bursts (FRBs)[364][365]
>1035 J Estimated energy of a mergerburst between a planet and a brown dwarf with an accretion disk as very low energetic type of ILOTs[384][385][386]
>1035 J Lower limit of the energy of outbursts (that are more energetic of short bursts) released by magnetars, calculated according to peak luminosity[341][342]
3.5×1035Template:NbspJ The most energetic stellar superflare to date (V2487 Ophiuchi)[387]
1036 >1036 J Estimated energy of ASASSN-15qi, proposed as a tidal disruption event of a sub-jupiter young planet by a main-sequence (MS) star as part of ILOTs[386]
>1036 J Upper limit of the energy of short bursts released by magnetars, calculated according to peak luminosity[341][342]
>1036 J Upper limit of the energy of outbursts (that are more energetic of short bursts) released by magnetars, calculated according to peak luminosity[341][342]
1.7×1036 J Estimated energy of V4332 Sgr, a low-energetic luminous red nova (LRNe)[388]
4.4×1036 J Total energy of proton acceleration of RS Oph nova[379]
1037 1037 J The magnitude energy of a classic nova explosion[389][390][379]
>1037 J Lower limit of energy of giant flares (GF) by magnetars,[341] other probable sources of R-process together with supernovae, kilonovae and in general nuclear fusion of the stars for nucleosynthesis[391][392]
2×1037 J Total energy (Ek) of RS Oph nova[379]
1038 ~1038 J Lower limit of magnitude energy of Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transient (ILOTs)[384][385][386]
2.2×1038 J Estimated energy of proton acceleration using RS Oph as prototype (4.4×1036 J) in the Milky Way in a year[379]
7.53×1038Template:NbspJ Baryonic (ordinary) mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic light-year, on average.[393][394]
1039  2–5×1039 J Range of energy of the giant flare (GF) triggered by starquake on SGR 1806-20[395][396][397][341]
~3-5×1039 J Range of estimated isotropic-energy (Eiso) of extremely low-energetic and low-luminous GRB 170817A, detected in a neutron-star mergers (GW170817), confirming that short-GRB are triggered by kilonovae[398][399][400]
6.60×1039 JTemplate:Nbsp Theoretical total mass–energy of the Moon[401][402]
1040  ≥1040 J Estimated lower limit of energy of Low‑Energy Supernovae (VLE SNe)[403][404]
>1040 J Very-low energy of supernovae and "failed-supernovae"; the required minimum energy for a supernova to occur.[405]
1.61×1040Template:NbspJ Baryonic mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic parsec, on average.[394][406]
0.3-3×1040 J Range of estimated energy of five intermediate-luminosity red transients (ILRTs), namely AT 2010dn, AT 2012jc, AT 2013la, AT 2013 lb, and AT 2018aes[407]
~7×1040 J Energy in gamma-rays of GRB 980425, the first associated to a hypernova (SN1998bw)[408] according to collapsar model[409][410][411]
1041 >1041 J Lower limit of true-beamed corrected energy in gamma-rays (Eγ) of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) with a narrow distribution of ~1 order of magnitude[412][413]
>1041 J Lower limit of magnitude energy of low-luminous gamma-ray bursts (LLGRBs)[414]
~2×1041 J Estimated energy of SN 2008ha, an extremely faint supernova[415][416]
2.28×1041Template:NbspJ Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[417]
4×1041 J Estimated energy of AT2017jfs, a very energetic luminous red nova (LRNe)[388]
5.37×1041Template:NbspJ Mass–energy equivalent of the Earth[418][419]
1042 >1042 J Energy of giant flares of Luminous Blue Variables (LBV) and Very Massive Stars (VMS), and Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients too as very energetic events of ILOTs[385][384][386]
>1042 J Upper limit of true-beamed corrected energy in gamma-rays (Eγ) of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) with a narrow distribution of ~1 order of magnitude[412][413]
>1042 J Lower limit of magnitude energy of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) as isotropic energy (Eiso)[420][421][422]
<3×1042 J Estimated energy in gamma-rays of GRB 091127, a sub-energetic gamma-ray burst[423]
~7.4-9.7×1042 J Low estimated energy of sub-luminous LL-Type IIP supernovae (0.07 foe or bethe, with 1 foe=1044 J)[424] with SN 2020cxd as prototype[425]
1043 ≥1043 J Estimated upper limit of energy of Low‑Energy Supernovae (VLE SNe)[403][404]
>1043 J Upper limit of magnitude energy of Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transient (ILOTs)[384][385][386]
>1043 J Upper limit of magnitude energy of low-luminous gamma-ray bursts (LLGRBs)[414]
~1-4×1043 J Range of estimated energy of ultra‑stripped type-Ic supernovae (iPTF 14gqr-SN 2014 ft)[426][427][428] and of electron‑capture supernovae (2018zd)[429]
~5×1043 J Estimated energy of SN 2005ek, a proposed ultra‑stripped supernova[427]
5×1043Template:NbspJ Average total-true energy of all gamma rays (Eγ) in a typical (standard-cosmological) gamma-ray burst if collimated[430][431][432]
5.8×1043 J Upper limit of estimated energy for SN 2020cxd (LL‑IIP supernova)[425]
>1043 J Total energy in a typical fast blue optical transient (FBOT)[433]
1044 ~1044 J Average value of a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) in optical/UV bands[434]
~1044 J Estimated kinetic energy released by FBOT CSS161010[435]
~1×1044Template:NbspJ Average kinetic/thermal energy released in a typical Ia-type supernova,[436][437][438][439] core-collapse supernova[440][441][442][443] and kilonova (macronova) too,[444][445][446][447] sometimes referred to as a foe or bethe.[424]
>1044 J Upper limit of magnitude energy of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) as isotropic energy (Eiso)[420][421][422]
1.23×1044Template:NbspJ Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.[448][449]
1.71×1044Template:NbspJ Mass-energy equivalent of Jupiter, the most massive planet in our Solar System[450]
Template:Val Average total energy (Etotal-Eo),[451][452] both in gamma-rays (Eγ) and as kinetic energy (Ek) of a typical (standard-cosmological) gamma-ray burst if collimated[453][432]
~(0.9-3.8)×1044 J Range of approximate beaming-corrected[432] estimated energy in gamma-rays (Ey) of the ultraluminous GRB110918A with a jet opening angle of 1.7°–3.4°[454]
5.8 × 1044Template:NbspJ Kinetic energy of the star S2 as it made its closest approach to Sagittarius A*, the galactic center SMBH, at 7,650 km/s on May 2018.[455][456]
1045 ~1045 J Estimated energy released in typical hypernovae and pair-instability supernovae[457]
1045 J Energy released by the energetic supernova, SN 2016aps[458][459]
1.7-1.9×1045J Energy released by hypernova ASASSN-15lh[460]
2.3×1045 J Energy released by the energetic supernova PS1-10adi[461][462]
>1045 J Estimated energy of a magnetorotational hypernova[463]
>1045Template:NbspJ Total energy (Etotal-Eo) in gamma rays (Eγ)+relativistic kinetic energy (Erel ≈ Eγ + Eke)[430] of hyper-energetic (standard-cosmological) gamma-ray burst if collimated[464][451][452][465][466][432]
∼3 × 1045 J Rotational energy (Erot) of a maximally rotating magnetar, a discriminant to detect the nature of the inner engine of GRBs[467][451][452]
~2-5×1045 J Range of estimated energy of SN1998bw, the first associated hypernova to a gamma-ray burst (GRB 980425) with success according to collapsar model.[409][410][411]
1046 >1046Template:NbspJ Estimated energy in theoretical quark-novae[468]
~1046Template:NbspJ Upper limit of the total energy of a pair-instability supernova[469][470]
~1046 J Isotropic energy of short GRB 090510[471]
1.5×1046Template:NbspJ Total energy of the most energetic optical non-quasar transient, AT2021lwx[472]
~1.5×1046 J Gravitational binding energy of a neutron star, a discriminant to see if not-standard particles aren't detected if the released energy in neutrinos is lower, or if a massive neutron star forms if it is higher (~6 × 1046 J) in a CCSN[473][474]
2.5×1046Template:NbspJ Estimated upper limit of Extreme Nuclear Transients (ENTs), an extreme version of TDEs discovered in 2025[475]
2-4×1046 J Range of energy of core-collapse supernovae in neutrinos (~99% of the total energy of the astrophysic transient and ~10% of the mass of its neutron star)[476][477][478]
~4-5×1046 J Estimated upper limit of kinetic energy of the most energetic GRB of all time, GRB 221009A, according to the traditional top-hat model for jets assuming collimation;[479][480][432] the previous records at 1045 J appear broken[464][451][452][465][466]
1047 1045-47 J Average estimated energy of stellar mass rotational black holes by vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field[481][482][483][484][485]
1047 J Total energy of a very energetic and relativistic jetted Tidal Disruption Event (TDE)[486]
~1047 J Estimated energy of a very efficient rotating Kerr-Newman black hole with vacuum polarization, proposed to explain the Eiso of poorly collimated GRBs in which the jet break is absent[483][484][485][481][482]
~1.3×1047 J The isotropic-energy (Eiso) of GRB 080319B,[487][488] remarkable especially for having been a naked-eye burst for approximately 30 seconds from 7.5 billion (7.5×109) light-years[489][490][491] and for which a double-structured jet was proposed, featuring a brighter, narrower inner section and a larger outer one[492] with implications about the frequency and visibility from Earth of GRBs too.[493]
1.8×1047Template:NbspJ Theoretical total mass–energy of the Sun[494][495]
(2.1±0.1)×1047 J The isotropic-energy (Eiso) of the ultraluminous GRB 110918A[454]
5.4×1047Template:NbspJ Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO (GW150914); the event coincided with the first detection of gravitational waves[496]
5.81×1047 J Estimated energy of the mega-energetic GRB 090323[497]
8.6×1047Template:NbspJ Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729)[498]
8.8×1047Template:NbspJ GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true isotropic energy (Eiso)[499][432] output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass turned to energy.[500] It is also proposed an energy of 4.82×1047 J (4.82×1054 erg)[497]
1048 1048 J Estimated energy of a supermassive Population III star supernova, denominated "General Relativistic Instability Supernova."[501][502]
~1.2×1048 J Approximate energy released by GW190521, the first intermediate-mass black hole ever detected[503][504][505][506][507]
1.2–3×1048 J Range of the total/true[499][508][432] isotropic energy output (Eiso) of GRB 221009A – the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded (1.2–3 × 1055 erg)[497][509][510]
3×1048 J The most energetic black hole merger, denominated GW231123, detected in 2023[511]
1050 ≳1050 J Upper limit of isotropic energy (Eiso) of Population III stars Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).[512]
1053 >1053 J Mechanical energy of very energetic so-called "quasar tsunamis"[513][514]
6×1053Template:NbspJ Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[515]
7.65×1053Template:NbspJ Mass-energy of Sagittarius A*, Milky Way's central supermassive black hole[516][517]
1054 3×1054Template:NbspJ Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[518]
1055 >1055Template:NbspJ Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421,[519] Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption[520] and supermassive black holes mergings[521][522]
1057 ~1057 J Estimated rotational energy of M87 SMBH and total energy of the most luminous quasars over Gyr time-scales[523][524]
~2×1057 J Estimated thermal energy of the Bullet Cluster of galaxies[525]
7.3×1057 J Mass-energy equivalent of the ultramassive black hole TON 618, an extremely luminous quasar / active galactic nucleus (AGN).[526][527]
1058 ~1058 J Estimated total energy (in shockwaves, turbulence, gases heating up, gravitational force) of galaxy clusters mergings[528]
4×1058Template:NbspJ Visible mass–energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[529][530]
1059 1×1059Template:NbspJ Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[531][532]
1.4×1059Template:NbspJ Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses.[533][534]
1062 1–2×1062Template:NbspJ Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[535]
1066 1.207×1066Template:NbspJ Average mass-energy of ordinary matter contained within one cubic gigaparsec in the observable universe.[536]
1070 1.462×1070Template:NbspJ Rough estimated of total mass–energy of ordinary matter (atoms; baryons) present in the observable universe.[537][538][394]
1071 3.177×1071Template:NbspJ Rough estimated of total mass-energy within our observable universe, accounting for all forms of matter and energy.[539][394]

SI multiples

Template:SI multiples Template:SI unit lowercase

See also

Template:Portal

Notes

Template:Reflist

Template:Orders of magnitude

  1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ Energy of a photon: E= h × v.= 6.626e-34 × 1 = 6.626e-34 J.
  4. ↑ Calculated: KETemplate:Sub = (3/2) × Boltzmann constant × Temperature
  5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Calculated: ETemplate:Sub = hν = 6.626Template:ETemplate:NbspJ-s × 1Template:E Hz = 6.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 6.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 4.1Template:ETemplate:NbspeV.
  7. ↑ Template:Cite web
  8. ↑ Calculated: ETemplate:Sub = hν = 6.626Template:ETemplate:NbspJ-s × 2.45Template:ETemplate:NbspHz = 1.62Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 1.62Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 1.0Template:ETemplate:NbspeV.
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ Calculated: KETemplate:Sub ≈ (3/2) × T × 1.38Template:E = (3/2) × 1 × 1.38Template:E ≈ 2.07Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Template:Cite web
  12. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E entities per mole = 1.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ per entity
  13. ↑ Calculated: 1.381Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/K × 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Calculated: 2 to 4Template:NbspkJ/mol = 2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 3.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 3.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 0.02 eV. 4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 6.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 6.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 0.04 eV.
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Calculated: 4 to 13Template:NbspkJ/mol. 4Template:NbspkJ/mol = 4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 6.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 6.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.6Template:E eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13Template:NbspkJ/mol = 13Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 2.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. In eV: 13Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol / 1.6Template:E eV/J = 0.13 eV.
  18. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Calculated: 0.28 eV × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 4.5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  20. ↑ Template:Cite web
  21. ↑ Template:Cite web
  22. ↑ Calculated: E = hc/λ. ETemplate:Sub = 6.6Template:E kg-mTemplate:Sup/s × 3Template:E m/s / (780Template:E m) = 2.5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. E_390 _nm = 6.6Template:E kg-mTemplate:Sup/s × 3Template:E m/s / (390Template:E m) = 5.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  23. ↑ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol × 4.184Template:NbspJ/calorie / 6.0Template:Ee23 molecules/mol = 3.47Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. (3.47Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.60Template:E eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol × 4.184Template:NbspJ/calorie / 6.0Template:Ee23 molecules/mol = 1.389Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. (7.64Template:ETemplate:NbspJ / 1.60Template:E eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
  24. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  25. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  26. ↑ Template:Cite web
  27. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 27Template:E g × (3.5 miles per hour)Template:Sup = 3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  28. ↑ Template:Cite web. "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2."
  29. ↑ Template:Cite web
  30. ↑ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2. 1Template:E W/m2 × 1Template:E m2 × 1 s = 1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  31. ↑ Template:Cite book
  32. ↑ Calculated: 170Template:E eV × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 2.7Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  33. ↑ Template:Cite web
  34. ↑ Template:Cite web
  35. ↑ Template:Cite web
  36. ↑ Template:Cite web
  37. ↑ Template:Cite web
  38. ↑ Template:Cite web
  39. ↑ Template:Cite web
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Template:Cite web
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Template:Cite web
  42. ↑ Template:Cite web
  43. ↑ Template:Cite web
  44. ↑ Template:Cite web
  45. ↑ Template:Cite web
  46. ↑ Template:Cite web
  47. ↑ Template:Cite web
  48. ↑ Template:Cite web
  49. ↑ Template:Cite web
  50. ↑ Template:Cite web
  51. ↑ Calculated: 7Template:E g × 9.8 m/s2 × 1Template:E m
  52. ↑ Template:Cite web
  53. ↑ Template:Cite web
  54. ↑ Calculated: 50Template:E eV × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 8Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  55. ↑ Template:Cite web
  56. ↑ Template:Cite web
  57. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  58. ↑ Template:Cite web
  59. ↑ Template:Cite web
  60. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  61. ↑ Template:Cite web
  62. ↑ Calculated: 400Template:E eV × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 6.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 Template:Cite web
  64. ↑ Template:Cite web
  65. ↑ Template:Cite web
  66. ↑ Template:Cite web
  67. ↑ Calculated: 6.5Template:E eV per beam × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/eV = 1.04Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  68. ↑ Template:Cite web
  69. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  70. ↑ Template:Cite web
  71. ↑ Template:Cite web
  72. ↑ Template:Cite web
  73. ↑ Calculated: m×g×h = 11.34Template:E kg × 9.8 m/sTemplate:Sup × 1 m = 1.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  74. ↑ Template:Cite web
  75. ↑ Calculated: m×g×h = 1Template:E kg × 9.8 m/sTemplate:Sup × 1 m = 1Template:NbspJ
  76. ↑ Template:Cite web
  77. ↑ Template:Cite web
  78. ↑ Template:Cite web
  79. ↑ Calculated: 5Template:E eV × 1.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ev = 8Template:NbspJ
  80. ↑ Template:Cite web
  81. ↑ Template:Cite web
  82. ↑ Template:Cite web
  83. ↑ Template:Cite web
  84. ↑ Template:Cite web
  85. ↑ Template:Cite web
  86. ↑ Template:Cite web
  87. ↑ Template:Cite web
  88. ↑ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m×g×h = 70 kg × 9.8 m/sTemplate:Sup × 40Template:E m = 274Template:NbspJ
  89. ↑ Template:Cite web
  90. ↑ Template:Cite web
  91. ↑ Template:Cite web
  92. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 0.8 kg × (30 m/s)Template:Sup = 360Template:NbspJ
  93. ↑ Template:Cite web
  94. ↑ Template:Cite web
  95. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 7.26 kg × (14.7 m/s)Template:Sup = 784Template:NbspJ
  96. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  97. ↑ Template:Cite web
  98. ↑ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher!, 2002
  99. ↑ Template:Cite web
  100. ↑ Template:Cite web
  101. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 7.26 kg × (30.7 m/s)Template:Sup = 3420Template:NbspJ
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton of TNT-equivalent × (1 ton/1Template:E grams) = 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/gram of TNT-equivalent
  103. ↑ Template:Cite web
  104. ↑ Template:Cite web
  105. ↑ Template:Cite web
  106. ↑ Template:Cite web
  107. ↑ Template:Cite web
  108. ↑ Template:Cite web
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Template:Cite web
  110. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m×vTemplate:Sup = 1/2 × (1Template:E kg) × (1Template:E m/s)Template:Sup = 5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Template:Cite web
  112. ↑ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m×vTemplate:Sup = 1/2 × (1Template:E kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0Template:ETemplate:NbspJ. E = 1/2 × (5Template:E kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15Template:ETemplate:NbspJ.
  113. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 × 2Template:E kg × (32 m/s)Template:Sup = 1.0Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  114. ↑ Template:Cite web
  115. ↑ Template:Cite web
  116. ↑ Template:Cite web
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Template:Cite web
  118. ↑ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0Template:E cal × 4.184Template:NbspJ/cal = 8.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  119. ↑ Template:Cite web
  120. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × m × vTemplate:Sup = 1/2 × 48.78 kg × (655 m/s)Template:Sup = 1.0Template:ETemplate:NbspJ.
  121. ↑ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6Template:E cal × 4.184Template:NbspJ/cal = 1.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  122. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  123. ↑ Template:Cite web
  124. ↑ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1Template:E BTU / 28.90 dollars × 1.055Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/BTU = 3.65Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/dollar
  125. ↑ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh / 3.65Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
  126. ↑ Template:Cite web
  127. ↑ Template:Cite web
  128. ↑ Template:Cite web
  129. ↑ Template:Cite web
  130. ↑ Template:Cite web
  131. ↑ Calculated: 90 hr × 3600 seconds/hr × 5 W/kg × 65 kg = 1.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  132. ↑ Template:Cite web
  133. ↑ Template:Cite web
  134. ↑ Template:Cite web
  135. ↑ Calculated: 380 kW-h × 3.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kW-h = 1.37Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  136. ↑ 12×1kg×(59.5km/s)2=1.7701×109J≈1.77GJ
  137. ↑ Template:Cite web
  138. ↑ Template:Cite web
  139. ↑ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts BinTemplate:Dead link, 6 May 2012
  140. ↑ EP=ℏc5G
  141. ↑ Template:Cite web
  142. ↑ Template:Cite web
  143. ↑ Template:Cite web
  144. ↑ Calculated: 1.3Template:NbspJ/s × 80 years × 3.16Template:E s/year = 3.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  145. ↑ Template:Cite web
  146. ↑ Calculated: 1239 kWh × 3.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 4.5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 Energy Units Template:Webarchive, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Template:Cite web
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 Template:Cite web
  150. ↑ Template:Cite web
  151. ↑ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent × 4.184Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  152. ↑ Template:Cite web
  153. ↑ Template:Cite web
  154. ↑ Calculated: 581 gallons × 125Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/gal = 7.26Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  155. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:E watts × 86400 seconds/day = 8.6Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  156. ↑ Calculated: 3.44Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/U-235-fission × 1Template:E kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission × 1.66Template:E amu/kg) = 8.82Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  157. ↑ Template:Cite web
  158. ↑ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day × 365 days/year × 80 years = 2.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  159. ↑ Template:Cite web
  160. ↑ Equation for calculating potential assumes that the towers' center of mass is located halfway along the building's height of ~416 meters.
  161. ↑ Template:Cite web
  162. ↑ Template:Cite web
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 Template:Cite web
  164. ↑ Calculated: 97530 liters × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  165. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:E watts × 3600 seconds/hour
  166. ↑ Template:Cite web
  167. ↑ Template:Cite web
  168. ↑ Calculated: 7500Template:E watt-days/tonne × (0.020 tonnes per bundle) × 86400 seconds/day = 1.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup × ~29% efficiency = 3.8Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  169. ↑ Calculated: 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1Template:E tons/megaton = 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  170. ↑ Template:Cite web
  171. ↑ Calculated: 183380 liters × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  172. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  173. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  174. ↑ Template:Cite web
  175. ↑ Calculated: 320,000 L × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15  MJ/kg = 11.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  176. ↑ Template:Cite web
  177. ↑ Template:Cite web
  178. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 × 417000 kg × (7700m/s)2 = 1.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  179. ↑ Template:Cite web
  180. ↑ Template:Cite web
  181. ↑ Template:Cite web
  182. ↑ Template:Cite book
  183. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  184. ↑ In the reference, Veski et al. indicate the following values: for the main fragment 4 x 1012 J, for the total energy of the event 4.7 x 1012 J (20 kt of TNT)
  185. ↑ Template:Cite web
  186. ↑ Calculated: 15 kt = 15Template:E grams of TNT-equivalent × 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  187. ↑ Template:Cite web
  188. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  189. ↑ Template:Cite web
  190. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  191. ↑ Template:Cite web
  192. ↑ Template:Cite web
  193. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 Template:Cite web
  195. ↑ Template:Cite web
  196. ↑ 196.0 196.1 196.2 196.3 Template:Cite web
  197. ↑ Calculated: 288.6Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 1.04Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  198. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  199. ↑ Template:Cite web
  200. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  201. ↑ Template:Cite web
  202. ↑ 202.0 202.1 202.2 202.3 202.4 202.5 Template:Cite journal
  203. ↑ Calculated: 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1Template:E tons/megaton = 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  204. ↑ Template:Cite web
  205. ↑ Template:Cite book
  206. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  207. ↑ Calculated: 3.02Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 1.09Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 Template:Cite web
  209. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  210. ↑ Template:Cite web
  211. ↑ Template:Cite web
  212. ↑ Template:Cite web
  213. ↑ Calculated: E = mcTemplate:Sup = 1 kg × (2.998Template:E m/s)Template:Sup = 8.99Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  214. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  215. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  216. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  217. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  218. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  219. ↑ Template:Cite web
  220. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 221.2 The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter. Note, however, that because portions of Earth reflect light well, the actual energy absorbed is about 1.2*10^17 watts, from an average albedo of 0.3.
  222. ↑ Template:Cite web
  223. ↑ Calculated: 50Template:E tons TNT-equivalent × 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  224. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  225. ↑ Calculated to be 61 megatons of TNT, equivalent to 2.552Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  226. ↑ Calculated: 115.6Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 4.16Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  227. ↑ Template:Cite web
  228. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  229. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  230. ↑ Template:Cite book
  231. ↑ Calculated: 200Template:E tons of TNT equivalent × 4.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  232. ↑ This value appears to be referred only to the third explosion on 27 August, 10.02 a.m. According to reports, the third explosion was by far the largest; it is associated to the biggest sound in the recorded history, the highest tsunami during the eruption and the most powerful shock waves rounded the world several times. 200 Megatons of TNT are often referred as the total energy released by the entire eruption, but it's plausible that are rather the energy released by the single third explosion, considering the effects.[1][2]
  233. ↑ Template:Cite web
  234. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  235. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  236. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  237. ↑ Template:Cite web
  238. ↑ Template:Cite web
  239. ↑ Template:Cite web
  240. ↑ Template:Cite web
  241. ↑ 241.0 241.1 241.2 241.3 Template:Cite journal
  242. ↑ Template:Cite web
  243. ↑ Calculated: 3.741Template:E kWh × 3.600Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 1.347Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  244. ↑ Template:Cite web
  245. ↑ Calculated: 3.953Template:E kWh × 3.600Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 1.423Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  246. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  247. ↑ 247.0 247.1 Template:Cite web
  248. ↑ Calculated: 17.8Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 6.41Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  249. ↑ Calculated: 18.95Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/kWh = 6.82Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  250. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  251. ↑ Template:Cite web
  252. ↑ Template:Cite web
  253. ↑ Template:Cite web
  254. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  255. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  256. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  257. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 258.3 258.4 Template:Cite web
  259. ↑ Calculated: 12002.4Template:E tonnes of oil equivalent × 42Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  260. ↑ Template:Cite web
  261. ↑ "2023 saw a second consecutive record year for global primary energy consumption as it grew by 2%, reaching 620 EJ."
  262. ↑ 262.0 262.1 262.2 Template:Cite web
  263. ↑ Template:Cite web
  264. ↑ Template:Cite web
  265. ↑ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
  266. ↑ 266.0 266.1 266.2 Template:Cite web
  267. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  268. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  269. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  270. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  271. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  272. ↑ 272.0 272.1 272.2 272.3 272.4 272.5 272.6 272.7 Template:Cite journal
  273. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  274. ↑ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9Template:E billion cubic feet × 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet × 1Template:E tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent × 42Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  275. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  276. ↑ 276.0 276.1 Template:Cite journal
  277. ↑ 277.0 277.1 Template:Cite web
  278. ↑ 278.0 278.1 Template:Cite report
  279. ↑ 279.0 279.1 Template:Cite journal
  280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 280.2 280.3 Template:Cite journal
  281. ↑ 281.0 281.1 281.2 281.3 281.4 Template:Cite journal
  282. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  283. ↑ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8Template:E tonnes of oil × 42Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/tonne of oil = 7.9Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  284. ↑ Template:Cite journalCalculated per reference: 0.58Template:NbspW·m−2 is 9.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ·yr−1 in the global domain
  285. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  286. ↑ Calculated: 1.27Template:E mTemplate:Sup × 1370 W/mTemplate:Sup × 86400 s/day = 1.5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  287. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  288. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  289. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  290. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  291. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  292. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  293. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  294. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  295. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  296. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  297. ↑ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938Template:E tonnes of coal × (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) × 42Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  298. ↑ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9Template:ETemplate:NbspJ + 7.9Template:ETemplate:NbspJ + 2.4Template:ETemplate:NbspJ = 3.9Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  299. ↑ Template:Cite web
  300. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  301. ↑ 301.0 301.1 Template:Cite journal
  302. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  303. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  304. ↑ Template:Cite web
  305. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  306. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  307. ↑ 307.0 307.1 Template:Cite journal
  308. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  309. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  310. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  311. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  312. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  313. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  314. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  315. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  316. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  317. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  318. ↑ 318.0 318.1 Template:Cite journal
  319. ↑ 319.0 319.1 Assuming, respectively, two scenarios from iSALE simulations: A with m=2.1×1016 kg, 25 km in diameter of the impactor and vtrue=21 km/s (vsim=15 km/s) to reproduce a crater of 264 km; and B (m=1.09×1016 kg, 20 km in diameter and vtrue=35 km/s (vsim=25 km/s) to reproduce a crater of 252 km. The formula remains the classic one of the kinetic energy: 𝐸=½𝑚𝑣2
  320. ↑ 320.0 320.1 Template:Cite journal
  321. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  322. ↑ 4.32×1023 J
  323. ↑ Template:Cite conference
  324. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  325. ↑ Template:Cite web
  326. ↑ Clarification of calculation: Rotational energy = (defined equal to) 1/2 * Moment of Inertia Factor * Mass * Radius^2 * Angular Velocity^2 The inertial factor has been normalized, and takes on a value between 0 and 1. In this case it is 0.337(24).
  327. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  328. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  329. ↑ 329.0 329.1 329.2 329.3 329.4 329.5 Template:Cite journal
  330. ↑ 330.0 330.1 330.2 330.3 Template:Cite journal
  331. ↑ 331.0 331.1 331.2 331.3 Template:Cite journal
  332. ↑ 332.0 332.1 332.2 332.3 Template:Cite journal
  333. ↑ 333.0 333.1 333.2 333.3 Template:Cite journal
  334. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  335. ↑ Calculated: 1.27Template:E mTemplate:Sup × 1370 W/mTemplate:Sup × 86400 s/day = 5.5Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  336. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  337. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  338. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  339. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  340. ↑ Template:Cite web
  341. ↑ 341.0 341.1 341.2 341.3 341.4 341.5 Template:Cite journal
  342. ↑ 342.0 342.1 342.2 342.3 In absence of detailed light curves and for simplicity considering the luminosity constant, the formula is approximately 𝐸≈ 𝐿eff-peak × Δ𝑡
  343. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  344. ↑ 344.0 344.1 344.2 Template:Cite web
  345. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv pp.3
  346. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  347. ↑ Template:Cite web
  348. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  349. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  350. ↑ 350.0 350.1 Template:Cite journal
  351. ↑ Template:Cite web
  352. ↑ Template:Cite web
  353. ↑ Template:Cite web
  354. ↑ Template:Cite web
  355. ↑ Template:Cite web
  356. ↑ KE=12⋅(7.349×1022kg)⋅(1.023×103m/s)2=3.845×1028J
  357. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  358. ↑ Template:Cite web
  359. ↑ Template:Cite web
  360. ↑ Template:Cite web
  361. ↑ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 × I × wTemplate:Sup = 1/2 × (8.0Template:E kg mTemplate:Sup) × (2×pi/(23.9345 hour period × 3600 seconds/hour))Template:Sup = 2.1Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  362. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  363. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  364. ↑ 364.0 364.1 Template:Cite journal
  365. ↑ 365.0 365.1 Template:Cite journal
  366. ↑ Template:Cite web
  367. ↑ Template:Citation
  368. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  369. ↑ Template:Citation
  370. ↑ Template:Cite web
  371. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  372. ↑ Calculated: 3.8Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/s × 86400 s/day = 3.3Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  373. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  374. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  375. ↑ Template:Cite web
  376. ↑ Template:Cite web
  377. ↑ Template:Cite web
  378. ↑ KE = 1/2 × 5.9722×10^24 kg × (30.29 km/s)^2 = 2.74×10^33 J
  379. ↑ 379.0 379.1 379.2 379.3 379.4 Template:Cite journal
  380. ↑ Calculated: 3.8Template:ETemplate:NbspJ/s × 86400 s/day × 365.25 days/year = 1.2Template:ETemplate:NbspJ
  381. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  382. ↑ Rotational Energy = 1/2 × k (moment of inertia factor) × M × R^2 × ω^2, where angular velocity ω = 2 × π / rotational period.
  383. ↑ 12⋅0.26393⋅1.8982×1027kg⋅(71492km)2⋅(2π9.9250h)2=4.134×1034J
  384. ↑ 384.0 384.1 384.2 384.3 Template:Citation
  385. ↑ 385.0 385.1 385.2 385.3 Template:Cite journal
  386. ↑ 386.0 386.1 386.2 386.3 386.4 Template:Cite journal
  387. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  388. ↑ 388.0 388.1 Template:Cite journal
  389. ↑ Template:Cite web
  390. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  391. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  392. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  393. ↑ Template:Cite web
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  456. ↑ 8-14 M_Sun for S-stars around Sgr A*, according to paper. Employing a median of 10 solar masses: KE calc: 10 M_Sun × 1/2 × (7650 km/s)^2 ~ 5.8e+44 J.
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  498. ↑ If GW190521 is a boson star merging, the present one remains the largest. See notes of the other black hole mergers
  499. ↑ 499.0 499.1 It is important to specify that the energetic reduction for beaming (invoked to explain so much energetics and jet breaks) is expected in the "Fireball model", which is the traditional one; other main models explain both Long and Short GRBs with binary systems, such as "Induced Gravitational Collapse", "Binary-Driven Hypernovae" which refer to the "Fireshell" one, in which cases the beaming isn't assumpted and the isotropic energy is a real value of energy due to the rotational energy of the stellar black hole and vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field, which are able to explain energetics up and over 1047 J. Furthermore, the model provides Etot, that is the energetic of e+e− annihilation plasma of the fireshell; its value is similar to Eiso.
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  506. ↑ A research claims that this is instead a boson stars merging with approximately 8 times more probability than the black hole case; if so, the existence and the collision of boson stars there would be confirmed together. Furthermore, the energy released and the distance would be reduced.[3] See the following note for the link of the research
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  536. ↑ Diameter of Observable Universe: 28.5 Gpc. Volume: 1/6 × pi × D^3 = 12121. Average per Gpc^3 : 1.462e+70 / 12121 ~ 1.206e+66 J.
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  538. ↑ Details of calculation: WMAP 10 year survey's estimate of mass-energy density * volume of Observable Universe * percentage of which is ordinary matter: [9.9e-30 g/cm^3] * [3.566e+80 m^3] * [0.046] * [c^2] = 1.46e+70 Joules.
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