Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is Template:Angbr IPA for standard Template:IPA. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: Template:IPA for Template:IPA is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series Template:IPA has been dropped.

Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used Template:Angbr IPA to represent the sound of -i in Pinyin hanzi which has been variously described as Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA or Template:IPA. (See the sections Vowels and Syllabic consonants of the article Standard Chinese phonology.)

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with Americanist symbols, including affricates such as Template:IPA. Extensions from the Americanist affricate convention of c = ts and č = tš include 𝼝 = tʂ and ɕ = t𝼞.

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ. Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʃ (capital Template:IPA) Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ. (See Case variants of IPA letters.)

Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, N=Nasal, S=Sonorant, etc.

This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature (Template:IPA extra-long Template:IPA, Template:IPA extra stress, Template:IPA strongly aspirated Template:IPA, and Template:IPA extra-rhotic Template:IPA), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature (Template:IPA slightly prenasalized Template:IPA, Template:IPA slightly affricated Template:IPA, and Template:IPA epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in Template:IPA for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature.

For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Obsolete and/or nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Symbol or exemplar	Name	Meaning	Standard IPA equivalent	Notes
Template:IPA	question mark	glottal stop	Template:IPA	typewriter substitution
Template:IPA	digit seven	glottal stop	Template:IPA	typewriter substitution
Template:IPA	apostrophe	glottal stop	Template:IPA	typewriter substitution
Template:IPA	q	glottal stop	Template:IPA	used in Maltese, Khmer and Malayo–Polynesian languages transcriptions.
Template:IPA	q with hook tail	bilabial click	Template:IPA	the tenuis bilabial click, and basis of digraphs for other bilabial clicks; equivalent to IPA [[[:Template:IPAlink]]].
Template:IPA	Greek phi	voiceless bilabial fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
Template:IPA	Greek psi	retroflex click	Template:IPA	used by (Doke 1925), printed as .
		bunched-r	Template:IPA	proposed by John Laver (1994)
		voiced bilabial fricative trill	Template:IPA	Proposed by Sinologists.
		voiceless labio-alveolar affricate	p͡s	Used by Blench (2008).
Template:IPA	sharp s	voiced bilabial fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
Template:IPA, Template:Su or$\int$	integral symbol	voiceless postalveolar fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
Template:IPA	digit three	voiced postalveolar fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with open-mid central unrounded vowel
Template:IPA	d with stroke	voiced dental fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
Template:IPA	thorn	voiceless dental fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake
Template:IPA	turned delta	labialized voiced alveolar or dental fricative	Template:IPA	intended for the voiced whistled sibilant, ɀ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976
Template:IPA	sigma	labialized voiceless alveolar or dental fricative	Template:IPA	intended for the voiceless whistled sibilant, ȿ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976
Template:IPA	ezh with tail	labialized voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Template:IPA	intended for w before front vowels in Twi; may also be used for the lightly rounded English Template:IPA, withdrawn 1976.
Template:IPA	reversed esh with top loop	labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Template:IPA	intended for hw before front vowels in Twi; may also be used for the lightly rounded English Template:IPA, withdrawn 1976.
Template:IPA	barred digit two	voiced alveolar affricate	Template:IPA	withdrawn 1976
Template:IPA or Template:IPA	turned voiced epiglottal trill	voiceless alveolar affricate	Template:IPA	withdrawn 1976
Template:IPA	superscript digit one and two	tonal-stress	Template:IPA	used in Swedish
Template:IPA	superscript digit one, two, three and four	Chinese tones	Template:IPA or Template:IPA or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters	used in Chinese studies
Template:IPA	superscript digit one, two, three, four and five	tones	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	variant of IPA tones
Template:IPA	superscript digit one, two, three, four, five, seven and eight	Southern Min tones		used in Sinologists of Taiwan includes Hokkien
Template:IPA	eta	moraic nasal	Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Intended for the moraic nasal Template:IPA of Japanese. Withdrawn 1976
Template:IPA (Template:IPA)	Template:Anchor palatal hook	palatalization	Template:IPA	Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as Russian. Superseded 1989
Template:IPA	Template:Anchor retroflex hook	voiced alveolar or retroflex approximant	Template:IPA	a mistake; an example like /Template:IPA/ was actually [ʒ͡ɻ]
Template:IPA	Template:Anchor retroflex hook	r-colored vowels	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	Superseded 1989; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
	Template:Anchor unstressed central rhotic vowel	r-colored vowel in American English	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	Proposed in 1934, MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
Template:IPA		alveolo-palatal consonants	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link, and Template:IPA link; respectively	broad transcription; especially Japanologists and Koreanists
Template:IPA	a		any open vowel	Often a substitute for Template:IPA link in printing when the distinction between Template:IPA link and Template:IPA link is not needed.
Template:IPA	Latin alpha		any open vowel	Often a substitute for Template:IPA link in printing when the distinction between Template:IPA link and Template:IPA link is not needed.
Template:IPA	Greek alpha	open back unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	Old form of ⟨ɑ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [[[:Template:IPAlink]]] to avoid confusion with italic "small letter a" that written as ⟨ɑ⟩ for [[[:Template:IPAlink]]].
Template:IPA	turned Greek alpha	open back rounded vowel	Template:IPA	Old form of ⟨ɒ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [[[:Template:IPAlink]]] to avoid confusion with italic "small turned letter a" that written as ⟨ɒ⟩ for [[[:Template:IPAlink]]].
Template:IPA (a)	reversed a	near-open front unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	Proposed in 1989, rejected
Template:IPA	c		Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link or sometimes Template:IPA link.	broad transcription
	nv ligature	close front rounded vowel	Template:IPA	proposed in 1989, rejected
Template:IPA	barred horseshoe u with hook	back sulcal vowel		proposed in 1989, rejected
	w with left hook	voiced labial-velar fricative (labialized voiced velar fricative)	Template:IPA	proposed in 1989, rejected
Template:IPA	letters with left-swinging top hook	dental consonants	Template:IPA	proposed in 1989, rejected; Malayalam transcriptions
	long-leg g	voiced velar lateral approximant	Template:IPA	proposed in 1989, rejected
Template:IPA	hooktop ezh	voiced velar fricative	Template:IPA	proposed in 1989, rejected
	double-loop g	voiced velar fricative	Template:IPA	from 1895 to 1900, Template:IPA represented that consonant before 1895, Template:IPA after 1900
	double-loop g	voiced velar plosive	Template:IPA	standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. The preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block. For a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for Template:IPA and the single-loop g for Template:IPA, but the distinction never caught on.
	double-loop g	voiced postalveolar affricate	Template:IPA	used in Arabic transcriptions
	single-loop g with stroke	voiced velar fricative	Template:IPA	replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma Template:IPA around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.
j	j		Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link or sometimes Template:IPA link
Template:IPA	barred dotless small j (or turned f in some fonts)		Template:IPA link or Template:IPA link	can be written as ⟨ȷ⟩ or ⟨f⟩
Template:IPA etc.	subscript w	labialization	Template:IPA etc.	mark may appear above letters with descenders like Template:IPA or Template:IPA. removed 1989
Template:IPA	curly-tail esh	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Template:IPA	variant, also for Russian щ (now Template:Angbr IPA). removed 1989
Template:IPA	curly-tail ezh	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Template:IPA	variant, removed 1989
Template:IPA	curly-tail n, d, t, l	alveolo-palatal consonants	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	used by some Sinologists.
Template:IPA	r with háček	voiced strident apico-alveolar trill	Template:IPA	Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. Template:Angbr IPA from 1909, replaced by Template:Angbr IPA in 1949, Withdrawn 1989
Template:IPA	long-leg r	voiced strident apico-alveolar trill	Template:IPA	Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. Template:Angbr IPA from 1909, withdrawn 1989.
Template:IPA	long-leg r	syllabic alveolar trill	Template:IPA	a mistake
Template:IPA ()	Greek lambda	voiced palatal lateral approximant	Template:IPA	a mistake
		voiced alveolar lateral affricate	Template:IPA	used by Americanists
Template:IPA	barred lambda	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate	Template:IPA	used by Americanists
Template:IPA	l with stroke	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Template:IPA	used by Americanists, also a typographic substitute
Template:IPA	l with stroke	velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant	Template:IPA	used by Baltic transcriptions
Template:IPA	small capital Cyrillic el	voiced uvular lateral approximant	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	s c z with háček	postalveolar consonants	Template:IPA; Template:IPA	used by Americanists, Uralicists, Semiticists, Slavicists
Template:IPA	j, g, ezh with háček	voiced postalveolar affricate	Template:IPA; Template:IPA	used by Americanists, Slavicists
Template:IPA		voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Template:IPA	used by Americanists, Slavicists
Template:IPA or Template:IPA		voiceless retroflex and alveolo-palatal affricate	Template:IPA	used by Americanists, Slavicists
Template:IPA	c l n s z dz with acute accent	alveolo-palatals or palatals and postalveolar consonants	Template:IPA; Template:IPA	used by Slavicists
Template:IPA	x, Latin gamma	voiceless and voiced uvular fricative (or voiced uvular approximant)	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	broad transcriptions in Hindi, Arabic and Hebrew transcriptions
Template:IPA	x with dot	voiceless uvular fricative	Template:IPA	used by Americanists
Template:IPA	uppercase x	voiceless uvular fricative	Template:IPA	a mistake
Template:IPA	uppercase y	voiced labial–palatal approximant	Template:IPA	a mistake
	baby gamma	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	used from 1921 to 1989, replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma ; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both glyphs
Template:IPA	rho	bilabial trill	Template:IPA	common before an official letter was adopted
Template:IPA	barred j	voiced post-palatal approximant	Template:IPA
Template:IPA (ɥ̵)	barred turned h	compressed voiced post-palatal approximant	Template:IPA
Template:IPA (w̶)	barred w	protruded voiced post-palatal approximant	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	barred small capital i / upsilon	near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel	Template:IPA	used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary
Template:IPA	closed epsilon	open-mid front rounded vowel	Template:IPA	alternate symbol from 1904-1920s
Template:IPA	closed epsilon	open-mid central rounded vowel	Template:IPA	removed 1996
Template:IPA	Latin iota	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
Template:IPA	barred Latin iota	near-close central unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
Template:IPA	dotless small i	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists.
Template:IPA	db and qp ligatures or footless phi and headless phi	voiced and voiceless labiodential plosives	Template:IPA	Used by Africanists.
Template:IPA, Template:IPA, or Template:IPA	digit zero, slashed digit zero or uppercase slashed o	null initial	Template:IPA	usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in Chinese and some Korean linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak glottal stop; the sound value of the first consonant of syllables started by a vowel.
Template:IPA	hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q	voiceless implosives	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	brief additions to the IPA; removed 1993
Template:IPA	turned t	dental click	Template:IPA	removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨Template:IPAlink⟩ (voiced lateral approximant)
Template:IPA	stretched (or descended) c	alveolar click	Template:IPA	removed 1989; see click letters
Template:IPA	stretched (or descended) c	voiced retroflex flap	Template:IPA	some assumed this symbol was made by combining ⟨ɾ⟩ with ⟨◌̢⟩ and thus was used as the symbol for voiced retroflex flap ([[[:Template:IPAlink]]]); ⟨ɽ⟩ assumed as the symbol of voiced retroflex trill ([[[:Template:IPAlink]]]).
Template:IPA	turned pharyngeal fricative	alveolar lateral click	Template:IPA	removed 1989; see click letters
Template:IPA	turned k	originally a palatal click, reinterpreted as a velar click		velar articulation was judged impossible. later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless velodorsal stop in the extIPA.
Template:IPA (⨎)	esh with two bars	voiced palatal implosive	Template:IPA	old form of ⟨ʄ⟩.
Template:IPA (⨎)	esh with two bars	fricated palatal click	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	uncommon letter in Ekoka !Kung transcription
Template:IPA	triple vertical bar	retroflex lateral click	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	ou	close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	a common mistake
Template:IPA	r	alveolar trill	any rhotic sound (including r-colored vowels)	broad transcription
Template:IPA or Template:IPA	small capital or uppercase r	long vowel or prolonged moraic N	Template:IPA	used by Japanologists. This symbol represents phonemic long vowel (such as /Template:IPA/) or /Template:IPA/) or rarely prolonged moraic N (hatsuon).
Template:IPA	reversed small capital r	voiced epiglottal trillTemplate:Citation needed	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	rare
Template:IPA	dotless long i with fishhook	syllabic denti-alveolar approximant	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.
Template:IPA	turned iota	syllabic denti-alveolar approximant	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	old form of ⟨ɿ⟩, used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.
Template:IPA	dotless long i with fishhook and tail	syllabic retroflex approximant	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
Template:IPA or Template:IPA	reversed (baseline) esh	syllabic retroflex approximant	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	old form of ⟨ʅ⟩, used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
Template:IPA	turned h with fishhook	labialized syllabic denti-alveolar approximant	Template:IPA	used by Sinologists
Template:IPA	turned h with fishhook and tail	labialized syllabic retroflex approximant	Template:IPA	used by Sinologists
Template:IPA	small capital a	open central unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	used by Sinologists
Template:IPA	small capital turned a	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	withdrawn in 1928.
Template:IPA	barred Latin alpha	open central unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	Proposed by Charles-James N. Bailey in 1976
Template:IPA	ao ligature	open central unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	Used by Leoni & Maturi (2002).
Template:IPA	small capital e	mid front unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	Bloch & Trager (1942). Used by Sinologists and some Koreanists
Template:IPA	barred e	close-mid central unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	used by Teuthonista
Template:IPA	small capital turned e	mid back unrounded vowel	Template:IPA	used by some Koreanists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between Template:IPA (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and Template:IPA (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ).Template:Citation needed
Template:IPA	closed omega	near-close near-back rounded vowel	Template:IPA	longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
Template:IPA	omega	near-close near-back unrounded vowel	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	made from obsolete Template:IPA symbol.
Template:IPA	omega	near-open back rounded vowel	Template:IPA	Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942) and Sinologists.
Template:IPA	small capital omega	mid back rounded vowel	Template:IPA	Used by Sinologists and some Koreanists ; also Bloch & Trager (1942).
Template:IPA	barred o	close-mid central rounded vowel	Template:IPA	used by TeuthonistaTemplate:Refnec; variant shape of ɵ in some early 20th century works.
Template:IPA	small capital u	near-close near-back rounded vowel	Template:IPA	Americanist notation; also shape of ʊ when it was adopted as a symbol in 1898 or early 20th century works.
Template:IPA	barred small capital u	near-close central rounded vowel	Template:IPA	Americanist notation
Template:IPA	uppercase letters	small caps	Template:IPA	often mistaken by typing, uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals
Template:IPA	small capital q	pharyngeal stop	Template:IPA	proposed for the pharyngeal stop of Formosan languages, ExtIPA for same purpose.
Template:IPA	small capital q	sokuon		used by Japanologists.
Template:IPA	capital Q	sokuon		used by Japanologists.
Template:IPA	l	all coronal liquid consonants.		broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists.
Template:IPA	belted letters	voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal, and velar)	Template:IPA	now in the extIPA
Template:IPA	turned y	alveolo-palatal lateral approximant	[[[:Template:IPA]]] or [[[:Template:IPA]]]	broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists and Sinologists
Template:IPA	n with left hook	alveolo-palatal nasal	[[[:Template:IPA]]] or [[[:Template:IPA]]]	broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists, Sinologists, and Japanologists
Template:IPA	w with hook	bilabial flap	Template:IPA
𝼈	turned r with long leg and retroflex hook	retroflex lateral flap	Template:IPA
ᶘ ᶚ	esh or ezh with retroflex hook	retroflex palato-alveolar fricatives	Template:IPA Template:IPA	may be impossible to pronounce
Template:IPA	barred y	close central compressed vowel	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	small capital barred y	near-close central compressed vowel	Template:IPA
ұ	barred straight y (Cyrillic straight u)	near-close near-back unrounded vowel	[[[:Template:IPA]]] or [[[:Template:IPA]]]	used in Mande studies
◌̣	underdot	retroflex or r-colored vowels	Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.
Template:IPA, Template:IPA, etc.	apostrophe	no audible release	Template:IPA, Template:IPA, etc.	removed
Template:IPA, Template:IPA, etc.	apostrophe	palatalization	Template:IPA, Template:IPA, etc.	common in X-SAMPA
Template:IPA etc.	uppercase letters (not small capitals)	fortis	Template:IPA, etc.	used by some Koreanologists
ɔ̩	vowel with tilted line below	lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour		for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones
Template:IPA	turned comma above	weak (sometimes normal) aspiration	Template:IPA (sometimes Template:IPA)	First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)
Template:IPA	ligatures	affricates	Template:IPA	formerly acceptable variants
Template:IPA	ligatures with palatal hook	palatalized affricates	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	ligatures with retroflex hook	retroflex affricates	Template:IPA	John Laver used Template:IPA in Polish transcription
Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	prime	palatalization	Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	traditional Irish phonology transcription
Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	combining apostrophe	palatalization	Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	traditional Russian phonology transcription
Template:IPA	asterisk	syntactic gemination	(none)	used in some Italian dictionaries
Template:IPA	open corner	release/burst	(none)	IPA number 490
Template:IPA	without diacritics	dental consonants	Template:IPA	broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /Template:IPA/ often described as ⟨Template:IPA link⟩ for /Template:IPA⁓Template:IPA/
Template:IPA or Template:IPA	without diacritics	approximant consonants or mid vowels	Template:IPA or Template:IPA	broad transcriptions; in Spanish, /Template:IPA/ and /Template:IPA/ often described as ⟨Template:IPA link⟩ and ⟨Template:IPA link⟩
Template:IPA	without diacritics	mid vowels	Template:IPA	broad transcriptions; for example in some languages, /Template:IPA/ and /Template:IPA/ maybe described as ⟨Template:IPA link⟩ and ⟨Template:IPA link⟩, also /Template:IPA/ maybe described as ⟨Template:IPA link⟩ or ⟨Template:IPA link⟩
Template:IPA	without diacritics	central vowels	Template:IPA	broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /Template:IPA/ often described as ⟨Template:IPA link⟩ in English for /Template:IPA/
Template:IPA or Template:IPA	c or stroked c	voiceless alveolar affricate	Template:IPA link	Americanist notation
Template:IPA	ezh	voiced alveolar affricate	Template:IPA link	Americanist notation
Template:IPA	y	voiced palatal approximant	Template:IPA link	Americanist notation
Template:IPA	a with diaeresis	near-open front unrounded vowel, open-mid front unrounded vowel or open front unrounded vowel	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link or Template:IPA link	Uralicist notation
Template:IPA	o with diaeresis	close-mid front rounded vowel, open-mid front rounded vowel or mid front rounded vowel	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link or Template:IPA link	Americanist and Uralicist notation
Template:IPA	u with diaeresis	close front rounded vowel or near-close near-front rounded vowel	Template:IPA link or Template:IPA link	Americanist and Uralicist notation
Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	right single quotation mark	Korean fortis	Template:IPA Template:IPA etc.	used by some Koreanists for fortis sounds; equivalent to Template:IPA, etc. above.
Template:IPA	box	unreleased	Template:IPA	used where IPA Template:IPA would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the Japanese pitch accent system
Template:IPA	Modifier h with hook	breathy/ voiced aspiration	Template:IPA	Equivalent on the IPA
Template:IPA	Modifier glottal stop	creaky voice/ glottalization	Template:IPA	Equivalent on the IPA
Template:IPA	Combining middle tilde	velarization	Template:IPA	Equivalent on the IPA
Template:IPA	Modifier high, mid and low macron behind	high, mid and low-level tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high and low equals sign behind	extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high, mid and low grave behind	falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high and low acute behind	high rising and low rising tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high and low caron behind	high dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high and low circumflex behind	peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high and low tilde behind	"wavy" tone or intonation		removed
Template:IPA	Modifier high, mid and low dot behind	atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively		removed
Template:IPA	Acute accent, circumflex, grave accent, breve	stress symbols: primary stress, weakened primary stress, secondary stress, and no stress; respectively	ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌	some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols.
Template:IPA	Vertical line below or above	moraic		used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents syllabic sounds, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the moraic N ([[[:Template:IPA]]]).
Template:IPA	Macron, acute accent, caron, grave accent	Chinese tones	Template:IPA or Template:IPA or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters	used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in Hanyu Pinyin. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone.

See also

• History of the IPA
• Americanist phonetic notation
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet