Nemeth Braille

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox writing system The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972.^[1] It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language.

Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world.^[2]

Principles of the Nemeth Code

The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words:

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One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances would be brailled the same. This is in contrast to the International Braille Music Code, where the braille depends on the meaning of the inkprint music. Thus a knowledge of music is required to produce braille music.

Table of Nemeth braille codes

General signs

Symbol	*	,	...
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Number signs

Symbol	Number prefix	Decimal point	Thousands separator	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[4]

Operators

Symbol	+	-	×	·	÷	. (decimal)	√	i√ (radical index)
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell
Symbol	inner √ (1st)	inner √ (2nd)	end 1st √	end 2nd √	long division	/	!
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Parentheses and brackets

Symbol	(	)	[	]	{	}
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Fractions

Symbol	simple			complex			hypercomplex			fraction in mixed number
Symbol	open	line	close	open	line	close	open	line	close	open	line	close
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Other modifiers

Symbol	∵	∴	:	∷	Template:Prime	″
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	∞	∝	°	%	✓
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Braille indicators

Symbol	Punctuation	Superscript	Subscript	Baseline	Omission	Cancel (close)	Cancel (open)	Run Over	Directly Over	Directly Under	Beginning	Termination
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Comparison signs

Symbol	>	<	≥	≤	≧	≦
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	⋝	⋜	⪚	⪙
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	><	<>	>=<	<=>
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	=	≠	≯	≮	~	≈	≅	±	∓
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Geometry

Symbol	Parallel	Perpendicular	Angle	Right angle
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	Arc down	Arc up	Trapezoid	Square	Rectangle	Parallelogram
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	Rhombus	Isosceles trapezoid	Triangle	Right triangle	Circle	Ellipse
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Arrows

Symbol	⟶	⟵	⟷
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	→	⇌	⇒
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Trig functions

Function	Sine	Cosine	Tangent
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Function	Secant	Cosecant	Cotangent	Logarithm
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Set theory

Symbol	∈	∋	∪	∩	∅	{	}
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	⊂	⊃	⊆	⊇
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Misc. signs

Symbol	⊕	⊗	⊡
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	Intersecting lines	@	Ditto	Tally mark	+-	-+
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Symbol	Template:Pipe	≃	≡	—	Template:Pipe Template:Pipe (modulus)	. dot
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Polygons

Symbol	Pentagon	Hexagon	Heptagon	Octagon	Nonagon	$n$ -agon
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell + (Nemeth Braille of $n$ )

^[3]

Triangles

Symbol	Acute	Right	Isosceles	Obtuse	Scalene
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Other signs


Symbol	Acute angle	Right angle	Obtuse angle	Hexagon star	¶	§
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]


Symbol	ref. indicator	<i>	<b>	letter sign	composite function	Template:Pipedet Template:Pipe matrix	∫	∂
Braille	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell	Template:Braille cell

^[3]

Greek letters and Latin letters

Greek and Latin letters are based on the assignments of International Greek Braille.

Symbol	small Latin letters	capital Latin letters	small Greek letters	capital Greek letters
Braille	(Braille of the letter)	Template:Braille cell + (Braille of the letter)	Template:Braille cell + (Braille of the letter)	Template:Braille cell + (Braille of the letter)

^[3]

References

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External links

An Introduction to the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics
PDF of the 1972 Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics
latex2nemeth, application software that transcribes LaTeX to Nemeth Braille.
Braille files for the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics; and other resources about braille transcribing
The History of Nemeth Code
Braille Mathematical Notations: Different Braille Mathematical Codes from Around the World

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Nemeth Braille

Contents

Principles of the Nemeth Code

Table of Nemeth braille codes

General signs

Number signs

Operators

Parentheses and brackets

Fractions

Other modifiers

Braille indicators

Comparison signs

Geometry

Arrows

Trig functions

Set theory

Misc. signs

Polygons

Triangles

Other signs

Greek letters and Latin letters

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Nemeth Braille

Principles of the Nemeth Code

Table of Nemeth braille codes

General signs

Number signs

Operators

Parentheses and brackets

Fractions

Other modifiers

Braille indicators

Comparison signs

Geometry

Arrows

Trig functions

Set theory

Misc. signs

Polygons

Triangles

Other signs

Greek letters and Latin letters

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

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