Matrix grammar

Template:More footnotes needed A matrix grammar is a formal grammar in which instead of single productions, productions are grouped together into finite sequences. A production cannot be applied separately, it must be applied in sequence. In the application of such a sequence of productions, the rewriting is done in accordance to each production in sequence, the first one, second one etc. till the last production has been used for rewriting. The sequences are referred to as matrices.

Matrix grammar is an extension of context-free grammar, and one instance of a controlled grammar.

Formal definition

A matrix grammar is an ordered quadruple $G=(V_N,V_T,X_0,M)$ where

• $V_N$ is a finite set of non-terminals
• $V_T$ is a finite set of terminals
• $X_0$ is a special element of $V_N$, viz. the starting symbol
• $M$ is a finite set of non-empty sequences whose elements are ordered pairs $(P,Q)$ where

$P\in V^{*}{V}_N{V}^{*},Q\in V^{*},V=V_N\cup V_T.$

The pairs are called productions, written as $P\to Q$. The sequences are called matrices and can be written as

$m=[P_1\to Q_1,\dots ,P_r\to Q_r].$

Let $F$ be the set of all productions appearing in the matrices $m$ of a matrix grammar $G$. Then the matrix grammar $G$ is of type-$i,i=0,1,2,3$, length-increasing, linear, $\lambda$-free, context-free or context-sensitive if and only if the grammar $G_1=(V_N,V_T,X_0,F)$ has the following property.

For a matrix grammar $G$, a binary relation ${\Rightarrow }_G$ is defined; also represented as $\Rightarrow$. For any $P,Q\in V^{*}$, $P\Rightarrow Q$ holds if and only if there exists an integer $r\ge 1$ such that the words

${\alpha }_1,,\dots ,{\alpha }_{r+1},P_1,\dots ,P_r,Q_1,\dots ,Q_r,R_1,\dots ,R_r,,R^1,\dots ,R^r$

over V exist and

• ${\alpha }_1=P$ and ${\alpha }_{r+1}=Q$
• $[P_1\to Q_1,\dots ,P_r\to Q_r]$ is one of the matrices of $G$
• ${\alpha }_i=R_i{P}_i{R}^i$ and ${\alpha }_{i+1}=R_i{Q}_i{R}^i$ for all $i$ such that $1\le i\le r.$

Let ${\Rightarrow }^{*}$ be the reflexive transitive closure of the relation $\Rightarrow$. Then, the language generated by the matrix grammar $G$ is given by

$L(G)=\{P\in {V_T}^{*}|X_0{\Rightarrow }^{*}P\}.$

Examples

Consider the matrix grammar

$G=(\{S,X,Y\},\{a,b,c\},S,M)$

where $M$ is a collection containing the following matrices:

$m_0:[S\to XY],m_1:[X\to aXb,Y\to cY],m_2:[X\to ab,Y\to c]$

These matrices, which contain only context-free rules, generate the context-sensitive language

$L=\{a^n{b}^n{c}^n|n\ge 1\}.$ The associate word of $a^n{b}^n{c}^n$ is $Aw(a^n{b}^n{c}^n)=m_0{m}_1^{n-2}{m}_2,\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 2$ and $Aw(abc)=m_0{m}_2$.

This example can be found on pages 8 and 9 of Template:Ref in the following form: Consider the matrix grammar

$G=(\{S,X,Y,Z\},\{a,b,c\},S,M)$

where $M$ is a collection containing the following matrices:

$m_0:[S\to abc],m_1:[S\to aXbYcZ],m_2:[X\to aX,Y\to bY,Z\to cZ],m_3:[X\to ab,Y\to b,Z\to c]$

These matrices, which contain only context-regular rules, generate the context-sensitive language

$L=\{a^n{b}^n{c}^n|n\ge 1\}.$

The associate word of $a^n{b}^n{c}^n$ is $Aw(a^n{b}^n{c}^n)=m_1{m}_2^{n-2}{m}_3,\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 2$ and $Aw(abc)=m_0$.

Properties

Let $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$ be the class of languages produced by matrix grammars, and Template:Math the class of languages produced by $\lambda$-free matrix grammars.

• Trivially, Template:Math is included in $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$.
• All context-free languages are in Template:Math, and all languages in $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$ are recursively enumerable.
• Template:Math is closed under union, concatenation, intersection with regular languages and permutation.
• All languages in Template:Math can be produced by a context-sensitive grammar.
• There exists a context-sensitive language which does not belong to $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$ Template:Ref.
• Each language produced by a matrix grammar with only one terminal symbol is regular.

Open problems

It is not known whether there exist languages in $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$ which are not in Template:Math, and it is neither known whether $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}{\phantom{A}}^{\mathrm{\lambda }}$ contains languages which are not context-sensitive Template:Ref.

Footnotes

• Template:Note Ábrahám, S. Some questions of language theory. International Conference on Computational Linguistic, 1965. pp 1–11. [1]
• Template:Note Gheorghe Păun, Membrane Computing: An Introduction, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, USA, 2002. pp 30–32