List of thermal conductivities

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat. For most materials, the amount of heat conducted varies (usually non-linearly) with temperature.[1]

Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis. Alternative measurements are also established.

Mixtures may have variable thermal conductivities due to composition. Note that for gases in usual conditions, heat transfer by advection (caused by convection or turbulence for instance) is the dominant mechanism compared to conduction.

This table shows thermal conductivity in SI units of watts per metre-kelvin (W·m−1·K−1). Some measurements use the imperial unit BTUs per foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit (Template:Nowrap = Template:Nowrap

Sortable list

This concerns materials at atmospheric pressure and around Template:Cvt. Template:Sticky header

Material Thermal conductivity
[W·m−1·K−1] 		Notes
Template:Rh | Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i) Template:Ntsh0.170[2]–0.200[3]
Template:Rh | Alcohols, oils Template:Nts[4][5]
Template:Rh | Alumina Template:Nts[6] For main article, see Aluminium oxide.
Template:Rh | Aluminium Template:Nts[7]
Template:Rh | Aluminium nitride Template:Nts[8] For high-quality single crystal.
Template:Rh | Beryllia Template:Nts–330[9][10][11] For main article, see Beryllium oxide.
Template:Rh | Bismuth Template:Nts
Template:Rh | Boron arsenide Template:Nts[12]
Template:Rh | Cubic boron nitride Template:Nts[13]
Template:Rh | Copper Template:Nts[4][14][15] For main article, see Copper in heat exchangers.
Template:Rh | Diamond Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh | Fiberglass or foam-glass Template:Nts[5]
Template:Rh | Germanium Template:Nts
Template:Rh | Gold Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh | Kapton (tape) Template:Nts[16]
Template:Rh | Manganese Template:Nts[4] Lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.[17]
Template:Rh | Marble Template:Ntsh2.070–2.940[4][18]
Template:Rh | Expanded polystyrene Template:Ntsh0.033–0.046[19]
Template:Rh | Polyurethane foam Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh | Silica aerogel Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh | Silicon nitride Template:Nts,[20] 177[21] Ceramics material.
Template:Rh | Silver Template:Nts[22] Highest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.
Template:Rh | Snow (dry) Template:Ntsh0.050[4]–0.250[4]
Template:Rh | Teflon Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh | Water Template:Nts[23]

Analytical list

Thermal conductivities have been measured with longitudinal heat flow methods where the experimental arrangement is so designed to accommodate heat flow in only the axial direction, temperatures are constant, and radial heat loss is prevented or minimized. For the sake of simplicity the conductivities that are found by that method in all of its variations are noted as L conductivities, those that are found by radial measurements of the sort are noted as R conductivities, and those that are found from periodic or transient heat flow are distinguished as P conductivities. Numerous variations of all of the above and various other methods have been discussed by some G. K. White, M. J. Laubits, D. R. Flynn, B. O. Peirce and R. W. Wilson and various other theorists who are noted in an international Data Series from Purdue University, Volume I pages 14a–38a.[7]

This concerns materials at various temperatures and pressures.

Material Thermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1] Temperature [K] Electrical conductivity @ 293 K
[Ω−1·m−1] 		Notes
Template:Rh|Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i) Template:Ntsh0.17[2]-0.19[2]-0.2[3] Template:Nts[2] Template:Ntsh7.143E-15[2] - 5.0E-14[2] Note: There are no negative conductivities and the symbols that could be read that way are hyphens to separate various estimates and measurements.
Template:Rh|Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, macrostructure Template:Ntsh0.024[4][22][24]-0.025[5]
0.0262 (1 bar)[25]
0.0457 (1 bar)[25]

Formula values
d=1 centimeter
Standard Atmospheric Pressure
0.0209
0.0235
0.0260
List[26]
0.1 atmosphere
0.0209
0.0235
0.0260
0.01 atmospheres
0.0209
0.0235
0.0259
0.001 atmospheres
0.0205
0.0230
0.0254
0.0001 atmospheres
0.0178
0.0196
0.0212
10−5atmospheres
0.00760
0.00783
0.00800
10−6atmospheres
0.00113
0.00112
0.00111
10−7atmospheres
0.000119
0.000117
0.000115
List
[27] 		Template:Ntsh273[22][24]-293[5]-298[4]
300[25]
600[25]




233.2
266.5
299.9


233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9


 Template:NtshhiAerosols2.95[28]-loAerosols7.83[28]×10−15 (78.03%N2,21%O2,+0.93%Ar,+0.04%CO2) (1 atm)

The plate distance is one centimeter, the special conductivity values were calculated from the Lasance approximation formula in The Thermal conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales[27] and the primary values were taken from Weast at the normal pressure tables in the CRC handbook on page E2.[26]

Let K0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (105 N/m2) pressure, Ke is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m2), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10−5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T. The Lasance approximation formula is Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP).
Some readers might find the notation confusing since the original mK might be interpreted as milliKelvins when it is really meter-Kelvins. He(Lasance?) puts a one (1) at the end of his equation so that it appears like this: Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP)(1). Eventually you can find out from his graph that the (1) at the end is not part of his formula and instead he is citing his graph.
Template:Rh|Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, microstructure Template:Ntsh Formula Values
d=1 millimeter
Standard Atmospheric Pressure
0.0209
0.0235
0.0260
0.1 atmosphere
0.0209
0.0235
0.0259
0.01 atmospheres
0.0205
0.0230
0.0254
0.001 atmospheres
0.0178
0.0196
0.0212
0.0001 atmospheres
0.00760
0.00783
0.00800
10−5 atmospheres
0.00113
0.00112
0.00111
10−6 atmospheres
0.000119
0.000117
0.000115
10−7 atmospheres
0.0000119
0.0000117
0.0000116
List[27]


233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

233.2
266.5
299.9

 All values calculated from the Lasance formula: Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002.[27] Plate separation = one millimeter.
Template:Rh|Air, standard air Template:Nts0.00922
0.01375
0.01810
0.02226
0.02614
0.02970
0.03305
0.03633
0.03951
0.0456
0.0513
0.0569
0.0625
0.0672
0.0717
0.0759
0.0797
0.0835
0.0870
List, TPRC 3, pp 511–12[23] 		Template:Nts100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

 Template:Nts Template:Nts[23]
Template:Rh|Air, typical air Template:Nts30°N January
Sea Level: 0.02535
1000 meters: 0.02509
2000 meters: 0.02483
3000 meters: 0.02429
30°N July
Sea Level: 0.02660
1000 meters: 0.02590
2000 meters: 0.02543
3000 meters: 0.02497
60°N January
Sea Level: 0.02286
1000 meters: 0.02302
2000 meters: 0.02276
3000 meters: 0.02250
List USSAS pp 103, 107 &123[29] 		Template:Nts
288.52
285.25
281.87
275.14

304.58
295.59
289.56
283.75

257.28
259.31
256.08
252.85

 Template:Nts Template:NtsTPRC standard air is very nearly equivalent to typical air worldwide.
Template:Rh|Air, wet air Template:Nts≈Typical Air Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts[30]
Template:Rh|Air in motor windings at normal pressure, Lasance approximations Template:Nts360 Kelvins
10−2 meters: 0.03039
10−3 meters: 0.03038
10−4 meters: 0.03031
10−5 meters: 0.02959
List, TPRC Vol 3 page 512.[23][27] 		Template:Nts

360 		Template:Nts Template:NtsAn investigator has reported some high values for the thermal conductivity of some metal air laminates both varnished and otherwise. See Taylor, T.S., Elec. World Vol 76 (24), 1159–62, 1920 in TPRC Data Series Vol 2, pp 1037–9.[31]
Template:Rh|Alcohols or oils Template:Ntsh0.1[4][5]-0.110[32]-0.21[4][5]-0.212[32] Template:Ntsh293[5]-298[4]-300[32]
Template:Rh|Aluminium,[33] alloy Template:Ntsh Mannchen 1931:
92% Aluminum, 8% Magnesium
Cast L
72.8
100.0
126.4
139.8

Annealed L
76.6
104.6
120.1
135.6

88%Aluminium, 12% Magnesium
Cast
56.1
77.4
101.3
118.4

Mever-Rassler 1940:
93.0% Aluminium, 7.0% Magnesium
108.7
List[7] 		Template:Nts

87
273
373
476


87
273
373
476



87
273
373
476



348.2
 Template:Nts Template:NtsMannchen, W., Z Metalik..23, 193–6, 1931 in TPRC Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1447.

Mever-Rassler. The Mever-Rassler alloy has a density of 2.63 g cm−1. Mever-Rassler, F., Metallwirtschaft. 19, 713–21, 1940 in Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1464.[7]

Template:Rh|Aluminium,[33] pure Template:Ntsh204.3[34]-205[22]-220[35]-237[5][14][36][37]-250[4]
214.6[34]
249.3[34]
CRC Aluminum
99.996+% Pure Aluminum
780
1550
2320
3080
3810
4510
5150
5730
6220
6610
6900
7080
7150
7130
7020
6840
6350
5650
4000
2850
2100
1600
1250
1000
670
500
400
340
300
247
237
235
236
237
240
240
237
232
226
220
213
List[26] 		Template:Ntsh293[5][34]-298[4][14][37]
366[34]
478[34]



1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
273
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900


 Template:Ntsh37,450,000[37] - 37,740,000[38]

Cryogenic: up to 1.858 ⋅ 1011 at 4.2 K.[39][7]

Formula Values
3.85 ⋅ 107 at 273.15K; 3.45 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 2.50 ⋅ 107 at 400K.[40]

Template:NtsThis material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 1.183 Kelvins. Weast page E-78[26]
Template:Rh|Aluminum,[33] ultrapure Template:NtshTPRC Aluminum
99.9999% Pure Aluminum
4102
8200
12100
15700
18800
21300
22900
23800
24000
23500
22700
20200
17600
11700
7730
3180[?]
2380
1230
754
532
414
344
302
248
237
236
237
240
237
232
226
220
213
List[7] 		Template:Nts

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
273.2
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

 Template:Nts Template:NtsThese are not measured values.

Very high thermal conductivity measurements up to 22,600 w m−1 K−1 were reported by Fenton, E.W., Rogers, J.S. and Woods, S.D. in reference 570 on page 1458, 41, 2026–33, 1963. The data is listed on pages 6 through 8 and graphed on page 1 where Fenton and company are on curves 63 and 64.

Next the government-recommended values are listed and graphed on page 9.

Thermophysical Properties Research Center. Performing Organization: Purdue University. Controlling Organization: Defense Logistics Agency. Documented summaries from numerous scientific journals, etc. and critical estimates. 17000 pages in 13 volumes.

Template:Rh|Aluminium nitride Template:Ntsh170[36]-175[41]-190[41] Template:Nts[41] Template:Nts[41]
Template:Rh|Aluminium oxide Template:Ntsh Pure 26[42]-30[5]-35[42]-39[36]-40[43]
NBS, Ordinary
27
16
10.5
8.0
6.6
5.9
5.6
5.6
6.0
7.2
List[44]
Slip Cast R
11.1
10.0
8.37
7.95
6.90
5.86
5.65
5.65
5.65
List: Kingery, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref.5[31]
Sapphire R
15.5
13.9
12.4
10.6
8.71
8.04
7.68
7.59
7.61
7.86
8.13
8.49
List: Kingery, TPRC II page 96 curve 19 ref.72[31] 		Template:Nts[5][42][43]

400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200


613.2
688.2
703.2
873.2
943.2
1033.2
1093
1203.2
1258.2


591.5
651.2
690.2
775.2
957.2
1073.2
1173.2
1257.2
1313.2
1384.2
14X9.2
1508.2
 Template:Nts-[42][43] The NBS recommended ordinary values are for 99.5% pure polycrystalline alumina at 98% density.[44] Slip Cast Values are taken from Kingery, W.D., J. Am Ceram. Soc., 37, 88–90, 1954, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref. 5 page 1159.[31] Sapphire values are taken from Kingery, W.D. and Norton, F.H., USAEC Rept. NYO-6447, 1–14, 1955, TPRC II pages 94, 96, curve 19 ref. 72 page 1160.[31]

Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.[31]
Template:Rh|Aluminium oxide, porous Template:Ntsh 22% Porosity 2.3[44] Constant 1000-1773[44] This is number 54 on pages 73 and 76. Shakhtin, D.M. and Vishnevskii, I.I., 1957, interval 893-1773 Kelvins.[44]
Template:Rh|Ammonia, saturated Template:Nts[32] Template:Nts[32]
Template:Rh|Argon Template:Ntsh0.016[4]-0.01772[14]-0.0179[14][45] Template:Ntsh298[4][14]-300[14][45] Template:Nts Template:Nts
Template:Rh|Basalt Template:NtsStephens Basalt

Sample NTS No. 1 R
1.76
1.62
1.80
1.84
1.63
1.84
1.58
1.92
1.84
Sample NTS No. 2 R
1.36
1.45
1.53
1.67
1.72
1.57
1.60
1.63
List[31]

Robertson Basalt

5% olivine, 100% solidity* & 5MPa pressure

Intrinsic: K = 2.55 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
Air in Pores: K =1.58
Water in Pores: K = 1.97
List: Robertson pages 7, 11 & 13.[30] 		Template:Nts
576
596
658
704
748
822
895
964
1048

442
483
529
584
623
711
762
858






300

 Template:Nts Template:NtsThese measurements of two samples of NTS Basalt were credited to some D.R. Stephens, USAEC UCRL — 7605, 1–19, 1963. They are reported in the TPRC Data Series in Volume 2 on pages 798 and 799.

Ki-iti Horai, Thermal conductivity of Rock Forming minerals, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 76, Issue 5, pages 1278 — 1308, February 10, 1971.

  • Solidity ≡ The ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density, dB/dG. Robertson, p. 5.
Template:Rh|Beryllium oxide Template:Ntsh218[36]-260[46]-300[46]
TPRC Recommended
424
302
272
196
146
111
87
70
57
47
39
33
28.3
24.5
21.5
19.5
18.0
16.7
15.6
15.0
List[31] 		Template:Nts[46]

200
273.2
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
 Template:Nts[46] Recommended values are found on page 137 of volume 2, TPRC Data Series, 1971[31]
Template:Rh|Bismuth Template:Nts[14] Template:Nts[14]
Template:Rh|Brass Cu63% Template:Nts[47] Template:Nts[47] Template:Ntsh15,150,000[47] - 16,130,000[47] (Cu63%, Zn37%)
Template:Rh|Brass Cu70% Template:Ntsh109[22][48] - 121[48] Template:Ntsh293[22]-296[48] Template:Ntsh12,820,000[48] - 16,130,000[48] (Cu70%, Zn30%)
Template:Rh|Brick Template:Ntsh0.15[22]-0.6[22]-0.69[4]-1.31[4]

British 2016:
Inner leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.62[49]
Outer leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.84[49]
1920s Values:
Brick #1: 0.674[31]
Brick #2: 0.732[31] 		Template:Ntsh293[22]-298[4]





373.2[31]
373.2[31] 		Brick #1: 76.32% SiO2, 21.96%Al2O3, 1.88%Fe2O3 traces of CaO and MgO, commercial brick, density 1.795 g ⋅ cm−3.
Brick #2: 76.52%SiO2, 13.67%Al2O3, 6.77%Fe2O3, 1.77%CaO, 0.42%MgO, 0.27%MnO, no specified density. Judging from the descriptions the TPRC has put the wrong labels on their bricks, and if that is the case then Brick #1 is "Common Brick" and Brick #2 is "Red Brick." Tadokoro, Y., Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 10, 339–410, 1921, TPRC pages 493 & 1169.[31]
Template:Rh|Bronze Template:Ntsh26[35]
42[50]-50[34][50] 		Template:Ntsh293[34]-296[50] Template:Ntsh
5,882,000[50] - 7,143,000[50] 		Sn25%[35]
(Cu89%, Sn11%)[50]
Template:Rh|Calcium silicate Template:Nts[51] Template:Nts[51]
Template:Rh|Carbon dioxide Template:Ntsh0.0146[4]-0.01465[52]-0.0168[45] (sat. liquid 0.087[53]) Template:Ntsh298[4]-273[52]-300[45] (293[53])
Template:Rh|Carbon nanotubes, bulk Template:Ntsh2.5 (multiwall)[54] - 35 (single wall, disordered mats)[54] - 200(single wall, aligned mats)[54] Template:Ntsh300[54] "Bulk" refers to a group of nanotubes either arranged or disordered, for a single nanotube, see "carbon nanotube, single".[54]
Template:Rh|Carbon nanotube, single Template:Ntsh3180 (multiwall)[55][56]-3500 (single wall)[57]
(SWcalc.6,600[55][58]-37,000[55][58]) 		Template:Ntsh320[55][56]-300[57]
(300[55][58]-100[55][58]) 		Template:Ntsh(Lateral)10−16[59] - (Ballistic)108[59]) values only for one single SWNT(length:2.6 μm, diameter:1.7 nm) and CNT. "Single", as opposed to "bulk" quantity (see "carbon nanotubes, bulk") of many nanotubes, which should not be confused with the denomination of nanotubes themselves which can be singlewall(SWNT) or multiwall(CNT)[54]
Template:Rh|Cerium dioxide Template:Ntsh 1.70
1.54
1.00
0.938
0.851
0.765
List: TPRC II pp. 145–6[31] 		1292.1
1322.1
1555.9
1628.2
1969.2
2005.9

 Pears, C.D., Project director, Southern Res. Inst. Tech. Documentary Rept. ASD TDR-62-765, 20-402, 1963. TPRC Vol 2, pages 145, 146 and 1162[31]
Template:Rh|Concrete Template:Ntsh0.8[22] - 1.28[5] - 1.65[60] - 2.5[60] Template:Nts[5] ~61-67%CaO
Template:Rh|Copper, commercial Template:Ntsh Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis:
Sample 1 L
423
385
358
311
346
347
350
360
Sample 2 L
353
360
366
363
365
Lists: TPRC I page 75 curve 129[7]

Taga, M., periodical
First run: 378
Second run: 374
Third run: 378
Fourth run: 382
List: TPRC I page 75 curve 129[7]
80.06
95.34
115.62
135.53
159.46
181.56
198.35
217.30

198.53
220.90
240.88
257.38
275.40



363.2
363.2
363.2
363.2 		Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1–225, 1960. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, pages 75 and 80 curve 129, ref. page 1465.[7]

Taga, commercial grade, 99.82% purity, density 8.3 g⋅cm−3. Taga, M., [Bull?], Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs., 3 (11) 346–52, 1960. TPRC Data Series Vol 1, pages 74, 79 and 1459.[7]
Template:Rh|Copper, pure Template:Ntsh385[22]-386[34][35]-390[5]-401[4][14][15]
368.7[34]
353.1[34]
1970s values:
TPRC (American)
2870
13800
19600
10500
4300
2050
1220
850
670
570
514
483
413
401
398
392
388
383
377
371
364
357
350
342
334
List[7]
The Soviet Union
403[61]
1960s Values
Thin Copper Foil*:

126.8
202.3
295.9
400.2
List[62][7] 		Template:Ntsh293[4][5][14][15][22][34]
573[34]
873[34]



1
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
273
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300


273.15



0.427
0.671
0.981
1.322


 Template:Ntsh59,170,000[15] - 59,590,000[38]

Formula Values:
6.37 ⋅ 107 at 273.15 K; 5.71 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 4.15 ⋅ 107 at 400K.[40] 		International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10−8Ω•m
=58.82×106Ω−1•m−1

For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers.

The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81.[7]

  • Out of 138 samples in the TPRC Data Series on the thermal conductivity of copper there is only one foil and that one was only measured at very low temperatures where other coppers also demonstrated extreme deviance. The blurred up reference to it on page 1465 looks like Landenfeld, P., Lynton, E.A. and Souten, R., Phys. Letters, Volume 19 page 265, 1965.
Template:Rh|Cork Template:Ntsh0.04[22] - 0.07[5]
1940s values:
Density=0.195 g cm−3 L
0.0381
0.0446
Density=0.104 g cm−3 L
0.0320
0.0400
List: Rowley, F.B. and others in TPRC II page 1064 & 1067 curves 1 & 3 ref 109.[31] 		Template:Nts[5]
---

222.0
305.5

222.0
305.5


 1940s values are for oven dried cork at specified densities: Rowley, F.B., Jordan, R.C. and Lander, R.M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9. 1947, TPRC pages 1064, 1067 & 1161.[31]
Template:Rh|Cotton or Plastic Insulation-foamed Template:Nts[4][5] Template:Nts[5]
Template:Rh|Diamond, impure Template:Nts[22][63] Template:Ntsh273[63] - 293[22] Template:Nts~[64] Type I (98.1% of Gem Diamonds) (C+0.1%N)
Template:Rh|Diamond, natural Template:Nts[65] Template:Nts[65] Template:Nts~[64] Type IIa (99%12C and 1%13C)
Template:Rh|Diamond, isotopically enriched Template:Nts[65]-41,000[55][66] (99.999% 12C calc.200,000[66]) Template:Nts[65]-104[55][66] (~80[66]) Template:Ntsh(Lateral)10−16[64] - (Ballistic)108[64] Type IIa isotopically enriched (>99.9%12C)
Template:Rh|Dolomite, NTS dolomite Template:NtsSpecimen No. 1 R
1.08
1.14
Specimen No. 2 R
1.27
1.26
List TPRC 2 pp 811–12.[31] 		Template:Nts
521
835

523
833

 Template:Nts Template:NtsSpecimen No. 1 had a fine-grained appearance; 2.25 inches O.D.. 0.375 in. I.D., 12 in. long; obtained from exploratory dolomite hole No. 1, dolomite hill at level of 200 feet; density 2.80 g cm−3. Method: Radial heat flow [TPRC Volume 1 page 23a].

Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL — 7605. 1–19, 1963 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2, pp. 811–12.[31]

Template:Rh|Epoxy, thermally conductive Template:Ntsh 0.682[67] - 1.038 - 1.384[68] - 4.8[69]
Template:Rh|Eclogite Template:NtsRoberston Eclogite, 5MPa
0.6437
0.2574
List from graph: Roberston page 39[30] 		Template:Nts
373
573

 Template:Nts Template:NtsSome more recent measurements about ecolgite at high pressures and elevated temperatures (up to 14GPa and 1000K) have been reported by Chao Wang and others in a 2014 article about omphacite, jadeite and diopside which is free on the internet[70]
Template:Rh|Ethylene glycol Template:NtsTPRC
0.2549
0.2563
0.2576
0.2590
0.2603
0.2616
0.2630
0.2643
List[31]
CRC
0.2645
0.2609
0.2695
List[26] 		Template:Nts
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350


288.15
293.15
353.15

 Template:Nts Template:NtsThe TPRC values are posted in Volume 3 on page 177 and the CRC estimates are found in the handbook on page E-4.
Template:Rh|Expanded polystyrene – EPS Template:Ntsh0.03[4]-0.033[4][22][63] ((PS Only)0.1[71]-0.13[71]) Template:Ntsh98[63]-298[4][63] (296[71]) Template:Nts[71] (PS+Air+CO2+CnH2n+x)
Template:Rh|Extruded polystyrene – XPS Template:Ntsh0.029 - 0.39 Template:Ntsh98-298
Template:Rh|Fat Template:NtsBeef fat
0.354
0.175
Bone fat
0.186
Pig fat
0.238
List[31] 		Template:Nts293.2
333.2

293.2

293.2 		Template:Nts Template:NtsThe fats were discovered by Lapshin A. and Myasnaya Ind., SSSR. Volume 25 (2) pp. 55–6, 1954. and reported in volume two of the TPRC Data Series on page 1072.[31]
Template:Rh|Fiberglass or foam-glass Template:Nts[5] Template:Nts[5]
Template:Rh|Gabbro Template:NtsSligachan Gabbro
2.55
2.47
List[31]
Generic Gabbro*
2.06 ± 0.2
List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 31[30] 		Template:Nts309.4
323.1


300
 Template:Nts Template:NtsSpecimen 5 cm in diameter and 2 cm long from Sligachan Skye, density 3.1 g ⋅ cm−1. Nancarrow, H.A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 45, page 447–61, 1933 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2 page 816.[31]
  • This summary came from three samples in 1940.
Template:Rh|Gallium arsenide Template:Nts[63] Template:Nts[63]
Template:Rh|Gasket Template:NtsCardboard
0.210[72]
Transite P
0.770
0.757
0.749
0.742
0.739
0.736
0.736
0.736
0.733
0.731
List: Smith, W.K. in TPRC II page 1107 curve 1 ref 390.[31] 		Template:Nts
291.15

338.7
366.5
394.3
422.1
449.8
477.6
505.4
533.2
560.9
588.7


 Template:Nts Template:NtsThe cardboard is in Yarwood and Castle on page 36 and the Transite is credited to some W.K. Smith, NOTS TP2624, 1 — 10, 1961. [AD 263771]. Transite was discovered in 1961 and is a type of asbestos — cement board with a density of 0.193 — 0.1918 grams⋅cm−1. TPRC Data Series, Volume 2, page 1107[31]

For rubber gasket see Rubber.

Template:Rh|Glass Template:Ntsh0.8[22]-0.93[5] (SiO2pure1[36]-SiO296%1.2[73]-1.4[73])
Pyrex 7740, Air Force, 1961 P
1.35
1.34
1.39
1.42
1.59
1.45
1.43
1.56
1.66
1.68
1.91
1.90
List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 81[31]

Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1963 L
1.11
1.16
1.22
1.27
1.33
1.38
1.43
List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 76[31]

Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1966
0.58
0.90
1.11
1.25
1.36
1.50
1.62
1.89
List[74] 		Template:Nts[5][22][73]

297
300
306
319
322
322
329
330
332
336
345
356



273.2
323.2
373.2
423.2
473.2
523.2
573.2



100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

 Template:Ntsh10−14[75][76]-10−12[73]-10−10[75][76] <1% Iron oxides
In 1966 Pyrex 7740 had a composition of about 80.6% SiO2, 13% B2O3, 4.3% Na2O and 2.1% Al2O3.[74] Similar glasses have a coefficient of linear expansion of about 3 parts per million per Kelvin at 20°Celsius.[77]

Density [Pyrex 774] ≈ 2.210 g ⋅ cm−3 at 32 °F. Specific heats: 0.128, 0.172, 0.202, 0.238, 0.266, 0.275 Cal. g−1 K−1 at 199.817, 293.16, 366.49, 477.60, 588.72 & 699.83 Kelvins respectively. Lucks, C.F., Deem, H.W. and Wood, W.D. in TPRC V pages 1232-3[78]

Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.[31]
Template:Rh|Glycerol Template:Ntsh0.285[32]-0.29[5] Template:Ntsh300[32]-293[5]
Template:Rh|Gold, pure Template:Ntsh314[22]-315[34]-318[14][35][79]
1970s values:
444
885
2820
1500
345
327
318
315
312
309
304
298
292
285
List[7] 		Template:Ntsh293[34]-298[14][79]

1
2
10
20
100
200
273.2
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

 Template:Ntsh45,170,000[38] - 45,450,000[79] 1970s values are found on page 137, TPRC Data Series volume 1 (1970).[7]
Template:Rh|Granite Template:Ntsh1.73[18] - 3.98[18]
Nevada Granite R
1.78
1.95
1.86
1.74
1.80
Scottish Granite L
3.39
3.39
List[31]
Westerly Granite
2.4(63)
2.2(83)
2.1(44)
Barre Granite
2.8(23)
2.5(18)
2.3(10)
Rockport-1*
3.5(57)
3.0(31)
2.7(12)
Rockport-2*
3.8(07)
3.2(11)
2.8(37)
List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 35.[30]
368
523
600
643
733

306.9
320.2


273.15
373.15
473.15

273.15
373.15
473.15

273.15
373.15
473.15

273.15
373.15
473.15
 Template:Ntsh Template:Ntsh(72%SiO2+14%Al2O3+4%K2O etc.)

Scottish Granite: This is granite from May Quarry in Aberdeenshire. Nancarrow, H. A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London). 45, 447–61, 1933, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.[31]

Nevada Granite: This granite is 34%v plagioclase, 28%v ortheoclase, 27%v quartz and 9%v biotite. Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL-7605, 1–19, 1963, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.[31]
A 1960 report on the Nevada granite (Izett, USGS) is posted on the internet but the very small numbers there are hard to understand.[80]
  • Robertson says that Rockport-1 has 25% Quartz and Rockport-2 has 33% Quartz and he usually talks in volume percent. Robertson page 35.
Template:Rh|Granite, ΔP Template:NtsBarre Granite*
Wet
50 bar*
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.1
1000 bar
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.4
5000 bar
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.4

Dry
50 bar
2.8(23)
2.5(18)
2.3(10)
2.1(44)
1000 bar
2.8(76)
2.5(65)
2.3(53)
2.1(84)
5000 bar
3.0(91)
2.7(57)
2.5(29)
2.3(47)
List: Robertson pages 35, 59-61[30] 		Template:Nts





273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15

273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15

273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15



273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15

273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15

273.15
373.15
473.15
573.15




 Template:Nts Template:NtsSmall granite pillars have failed under loads that averaged out to about 1.43 ⋅ 108 Newtons/meter2 and this kind of rock has a sonic speed of about 5.6 ± 0.3 ⋅ 103 m/sec (stp), a density of about 2.7 g/cm3 and specific heat ranging from about 0.2 to 0.3 cal/g °C through the temperature interval 100-1000 °C [Stowe pages 41 & 59 and Robertson pages 70 & 86].[81][30]
  • In this particular case the solidity of the granite is 0.966.
  • A bar is 105 Pa or 105 Newtons/meter2 and pressures around 5000 bar should normally be found at depths of about 19 to 23 kilometers.
Template:Rh|Graphene Template:Ntsh(4840±440)[82] - (5300±480)[82] Template:Nts[82] Template:Nts[83]
Template:Rh|Graphite, natural Template:Ntsh 25-470[84]
146-246 (longitudinal), 92-175 (radial)[85] 		Template:Ntsh293[84] Template:Ntsh5,000,000-30,000,000[84] Template:Ntsh
Template:Rh|Grease, thermally conductive greases Template:Nts860 Silicone Heat Transfer Compound:
0.66
8616 Super Thermal Grease II:
1.78
8617 Super thermal Grease III:
1.0
List, MG Chemicals[86] 		Template:Nts233.15—473.15

205.15—438.15

205.15—438.15
 Template:Nts These thermal greases have low electrical conductivity and their volume resistivities are 1.5⋅1015, 1.8⋅1011, and 9.9⋅109 Ω⋅cm for 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively. Template:NtsThe thermal grease 860 is a silicone oil with a Zinc Oxide filler and 8616 and 8617 are synthetic oils with various fillers including Aluminum Oxide and Boron Nitride. At 25 °C the densities are 2.40, 2.69 and 1.96 g/mL for the greases 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.
Template:Rh|Helium II Template:Ntsh ≳100000[87] in practice, phonon scattering at solid-liquid interface is main barrier to heat transfer. Template:Ntsh 2.2 Liquid helium in its superfluid state below 2.2 K
Template:Rh|House Template:Ntsh American 2016

Wood Product Blow-in, Attic Insulation
0.0440 − 0.0448[88]
FIBERGLAS Blow-in, Attic Insulation
0.0474 − 0.0531[89]
PINK FIBERGLAS Flexible Insulation
0.0336 − 0.0459[90]

British

CONCRETE:
General 1.28
(2300 kg/m3) 1.63
(2100 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.40
(2000 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.13
(medium 1400 kg/m3)0.51
(lightweight 1200 kg/m3) 0.38
(lightweight 600 kg/m3) 0.19
(aerated 500 kg/m3) 0.16

PLASTER:
(1300 kg/m3) 0.50
(600 kg/m3) 0.16

TIMBER:
Timber (650 kg/m3) 0.14
Timber flooring (650 kg/m3) 0.14
Timber rafters 0.13
Timber floor joists 0.13

MISC.:
Calcium silicate board (600 kg/m3) 0.17
Expanded polystyrene 0.030 −0.038
Plywood (950 kg/m3) 0.16
Rock mineral wool 0.034 −0.042
List[49]
Wallboard, see Wallboard.

1960s Values

Dry Zero − Kapok between burlap or paper
density 0.016 g cm−3, TC=0.035 W⋅m−1K−1

Hair Felt − Felted cattle hair
density 0.176 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.208 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1

Balsam Wool − Chemically treated wood fibre
density 0.035 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1
Hairinsul − 50% hair 50% jute
density 0.098 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1

Rock Wool − Fibrous material made from rock
density 0.096 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.040 W⋅m−1K−1

Glass Wool − Pyrex glass curled
density 0.064 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1

Corkboard − No added binder
density 0.086 g cm−3, TC=0.036 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.112 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.170 g cm−3, TC=0.043 W⋅m−1K−1
density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.049 W⋅m−1K−1

Corkboard − with asphaltic binder
density 0.232 g cm−3, TC=0.046 W⋅m−1K−1

Cornstalk Pith Board: 0.035 − 0.043

Cypress
density 0.465 g cm−3, TC=0.097 W⋅m−1K−1

White pine
density 0.513 g cm−3, TC=0.112 W⋅m−1K−1

Mahogany
density 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.123 W⋅m−1K−1

Virginia pine
density 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.141 W⋅m−1K−1

Oak
density 0.609 g cm−3, TC=0.147 W⋅m−1K−1

Maple
density 0.705 g cm−3, TC=0.159 W⋅m−1K−1
List[91] 		American 2016: Flexible insulation from Owens Corning includes faced and unfaced rolls of glass wool and with foil.[90]

1960s values: All thermal conductivities from Cypress to Maple are given across the grain.[91]
Template:Rh|Hydrogen Template:Ntsh 0.1819[92] Template:Ntsh 290 Hydrogen gas at room temperature.
Template:Rh|Ice Template:Ntsh1.6[22]-2.1[5]-2.2[63]-2.22[93]

The Historic Ice Authorities
van Duser 1929
2.09
2.161
2.232
2.303
2.374
2.445

Choi & Okos/Bonales 1956 — 2017
2.2199
2.3854
2.6322
2.9603
3.3695
3.8601

Ratcliffe/Bonales 1962 — 2017
2.0914
2.2973
2.5431
2.8410
3.2086
3.6723
List[94]

Clark, S.P. Jr., 1966*
2.092
2.552
List: Clark, S.P. Jr. in Robertson p. 58[30] 		Template:Ntsh293[5][22] - 273[63][93]





273.15
253.15
233.15
213.15
193.15
173.15


273.15
253.15
233.15
213.15
193.15
173.15


273.15
253.15
233.15
213.15
193.15
173.15



273.15
143.15



 Template:Nts Template:NtsBonales says that his posted formulas are lined up with his old authorities though more recent ones (and Bonales among them) have come to believe that ices that come to low temperatures remember a cooling rate.[95][94]

The formulas are: 1)van Duser: k=2.09(1–0.0017 T(°C)); 2)Choi & Okos: k=2.2199-6.248 ⋅ 10−3 T(°C) + 1.0154 ⋅ 10−4 T(°C)2; 3)Ratcliffe: k=2135 T(K)−1.235.

k is given in w ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.

Errata: Contrary to what they say the formula of Bonales and Sanz cannot be fitted to their data and also it is not consistent with the results of Choi and Okos since their formula is a typo and also Choi and Okos did not cook up a linear function to start with. Instead the formula that would fit some of the Bonales data is k ≈ 2.0526 - 0.0176TC and not k = -0.0176 + 2.0526T as they say on page S615 and also the values they posted for Alexiades and Solomon do not fit the other formula that they posted on table 1 on page S611 and the formula that would fit over there is k = 2.18 - 0.01365TC and not k = 2.18 - 0.01365TK.

  • The Clark Ice has a density of 0.9 g/cm−3. Robertson page 58.
Template:Rh|Indium phosphide Template:Nts[63] Template:Nts[63]
Template:Rh|Insulating firebrick Template:Ntsh Sheffield Pottery, 2016:
NC-23
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.26
NC-26
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.30
NC-28
0.29
0.32
0.33
0.36
List[96]
1940s Blast Furnace:
1.58
1.55
1.53
List[31]
533
811
1089
1366

533
811
1089
1366

533
811
1089
1366


636.2
843.2
1036.2 		Sheffield pottery: Standard ASTM 155 Grades, 05/10/2006:
NC-23, Cold Crushing Strength=145 lbs/inch2, density=36 lbs/ft3
NC-26, Cold Crushing Strength=220 lbs/inch2, density=46 lbs/ft3
NC-28, Cold Crushing Strength=250 lbs/inch2, density=55 lbs/ft3
[96]
---
1940s Blast Furnace: Kolechkova, A. F. and Goncharov, V. V., Ogneupory, 14, 445–53, 1949, TPRC pages 488, 493 & 1161.[31]
Template:Rh|Iron, pure Template:Ntsh71.8[35]-72.7[34]-79.5[22]-80[4]-80.2[63]-80.4[14][97]
55.4[34]
34.6[34]

TPRC
149
224
297
371
442
513
580
645
705
997
814
555
372
265
204
168
146
132
94
83.5
80.3
69.4
61.3
54.7
48.7
43.3
38.0
32.6
29.7
29.9
27.9
28.2
29.9
30.9
31.8
List[7]

The Soviet Union
86.5[61] 		Template:Ntsh293[22][34]-298[4]-300[14][63][97]
573[34]
1273[34]


2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
273.2
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1183
1183
1200
1300
1400
1500



273.15 		Template:Ntsh9,901,000[97] - 10,410,000[38] The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.998% pure iron with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.0327 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 169.[7]
Template:Rh|Iron, cast Template:Nts[4][35]

Tadokoro Cast Iron*

White
12.8
13.3
14.3
14.5
17.3

Grey
29.5
29.7
30.0
30.1
31.1
List: Tadokoro, curves 39 & 40 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1130–31[7]

Donaldson Cast Iron*

48.5
48.1
46.9
47.3
46.9
46.0
List: Donaldson, curve 1 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1129 & 1131[7] 		Template:Nts[4]





303.2
323.2
362.2
373.2
425.2


303.2
323.2
361.2
373.2
427.2





353.70
376.70
418.20
429.70
431.70
447.20



 Template:Nts (Fe+(2–4)%C+(1–3)%Si)

Apart from a thermal conductivity a boiler company also has an interface heat transfer coefficient Q and also some Kurganov has posted this simplification that water flowing in tubes has Q ≈ 500 - 1200 W/(m2K).[98]

  • These Tadokoro Irons are 3.02% C, 0.089% Cu, 0.53% Mn, 0.567% P, 0.074% S, 0.57% Si and 3.08% C, 0.136% Cu, 0.44% Mn, 0.540% P, .074% S and 0.58% Si, White Cast and Grey Cast respectively.

By comparison the Donaldson Iron is 2.80% C, 0.10% Mn, 0.061% P, 0.093% S and 0.39% Si. It has 0.76% graphitic carbon and 2.04% combined carbon and the thermal conductivity measurements come with a 2% error estimate. Tadokoro, Y., J., Iron Steel Inst. (Japan), 22, 399 — 424, 1936 and Donaldson, J.W., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), 128, p. 255-76, 1933.

Template:Rh|Laminates, metal non-metal Template:NtsTaylor I
30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.014 inches (0.356 mm): density 7.36 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 132 psi:
0 psi 0.512 w m−1 K−1
20 psi 0.748
40 psi 0.846
60 psi 0.906
80 psi 0.925
100 psi 0.965
120 psi 0.992
132 psi 1.02
120 psi 1.00
100 psi NA*
80 psi 0.984
60 psi 0.945
40 psi 0.906
20 psi 0.846
0 psi 0.591
Taylor II
30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.51 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 128 psi:
0 psi 0.433 w m−1 K−1
20 psi 0.807
40 psi 0.965
60 psi 1.04
80 psi 1.10
100 psi 1.18
120 psi 1.24
128 psi 1.26
120 psi 1.26
100 psi 1.22
80 psi 1.18
60 psi 1.14
40 psi 1.10
20 psi 0.984
0 psi 0.630
Taylor III
30 silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.79 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 125 psi:
0 psi 0.496 w m−1 K−1
10 psi 0.748
22.5 psi 0.945
125 psi 1.65
100 psi 1.59
80 psi 1.54
47 psi 1.38
20 psi 1.14
0 psi 0.709
List: Taylor, T.S., Elec. World, 76 (24), 1159 — 62, 1920.[31] 		Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts*The report in the Data Series says that the Taylor I laminate had a thermal conductivity of 0.0996 w cm−1 K−1 at 100 psi in descent and that is an obvious typo [NA]. What would fit is 0.00996 w cm−1 K−1 = 0.996 w m−1 K−1. TPRC Volume 2, pp 1037–9.
Template:Rh|Lead, pure Template:Ntsh34.7[22][34]-35.0[4][35]-35.3[14][99]
29.8[34]

TPRC
2770
4240
3400
2240
1380
820
490
320
230
178
146
123
107
94
84
77
66
59
50.7
47.7
45.1
43.5
39.6
36.6
35.5
35.2
33.8
32.5
31.2
List[7]

The Soviet Union
35.6[61] 		Template:Ntsh293[22][34]-298[4]-300[14][99]
573[34]


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
25
30
40
50
100
200
273.2
300
400
500
600



273.15
 Template:Ntsh4,808,000[38] - 4,854,000[99] The TPRC List is the TPRC estimate for well annealed Lead of 99.99+% purity and residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000880 μΩ cm. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 191.[7]

This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 7.193 Kelvins. Weast page E-87.[26]
Template:Rh|Limestone Template:Ntsh1.26[18] - 1.33[18]
Indiana Limestone R
1.19
1.21
1.19
1.11
1.12
1.07
1.03
0.62
0.57
0.54
List[100]
Queenstone Grey L
1.43
1.41
1.40
1.33
List1.43[31]
Generic Limestone R*
Air in Pores
Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.67*
Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.17
Solidity = 0.8: K = 1.72
Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.32

Water in Pores
Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.97
Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.52
Solidity = 0.8: K = 2.12
Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.77
List: Robertson formula 6 and page 10&16.[30] 		----

472
553
683
813
952
1013
1075
1181
1253
1324


395.9
450.4
527.6
605.4

300












 Mostly CaCO3 and the "Indiana Limestone" is 98.4% CaCO3, 1% quartz and 0.6% hematite.[100]
By comparison Queenstone Grey is a mixture of dolomite and calcite containing 22% MgCO2. Density=2.675 g cm−3. Niven, C.D., Can J. Research, A18, 132–7, 1940, TPRC pages 821 and 1170.[31]
  • Generic Limestone R is relatively pure polycrystaline calcite, solidity is the quotient of the solid grain volume divided by the bulk volume and K is thermal conductivity in W⋅m−1⋅K−1.
Template:Rh|Manganese Template:Ntsh7.81[4] lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal
Template:Rh|Marble Template:Ntsh2.07[18]-2.08[4]-2.94[4][18] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Methane Template:Ntsh0.030[4]-0.03281[101] Template:Ntsh298[4]-273[101]
Template:Rh|Mineral wool insulation Template:Nts[4][5][22] Template:Ntsh293[5]-298[4]
Template:Rh|Nickel Template:Ntsh90.9[14]-91[4] Template:Nts[4][14]
Template:Rh|Nitrogen, pure Template:Ntsh0.0234[22]-0.024[4]-0.02583[14]-0.026[45][63] Template:Ntsh293[22]-298[4]-300[14][45][63] (N2) (1 atm)
Template:Rh|Norite Template:Nts2.7 ± 0.4
List: Misener and others in Robertson page 31.[30] 		300 This summary came from five samples in 1951.
Template:Rh|Oxygen, pure (gas) Template:Ntsh0.0238[22]-0.024[4]-0.0263[45]-0.02658[14] Template:Ntsh293[22]-298[4]-300[14][45] (O2) (1 atm)
Template:Rh|Oil Template:NtsTransformer Oil
CRC Oil
Regular
0.177
Light Heat
0.132
List[102]
Yarwood and Castle
0.135[72] 		Template:Nts


343.15 — 373.15

303.15 — 373.15


273.15 		Template:Nts Template:NtsYarwood and Castle have their transformer oil on page 37.
Template:Rh|Paper Template:NtsOrdinary Paper
Engineeringtoolbox
0.05[4]
Yarwood and Castle
0.125[72]
Oil Impregnated Paper
0.180 — 0.186[31] 		Template:Nts

298[4]

291.15

294.7 — 385.2 		Template:Nts Template:NtsThe oil-impregnated paper was about 0.05 inches thick and it was loaded under about 2 PSI. TPRC Volume 2, page 1127.

Yarwood and Castle has the thermal conductivity of their paper on page 36
Template:Rh|Perlite, (1 atm) Template:Nts[4] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Perlite in partial vacuum Template:Nts[4] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Pine Template:Ntsh 0.0886
0.0913
0.0939
0.0966
0.0994
0.102
List[31] 		222.0
238.7
255.4
272.2
288.9
305.5

 Density=0.386 g cm−3. Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9, 1947, TPRC pages 1083 and 1161.[31]
Template:Rh|Plastic, fiber-reinforced Template:Ntsh0.23[103] - 0.7[103] - 1.06[5] Template:Ntsh293[5] - 296[103] Template:Ntsh10−15[103] - 100[103] 10-40%GF or CF
Template:Rh|Polyethylene, high-density Template:Ntsh0.42[4] - 0.51[4] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Polymer, high-density Template:Ntsh0.33[103] - 0.52[103] Template:Nts[103] Template:Ntsh10−16[103] - 102[103]
Template:Rh|Polymer, low-density Template:Ntsh0.04[103] - 0.16[5] - 0.25[5] - 0.33[103] Template:Ntsh293[5] - 296[103] Template:Ntsh10−17[103] - 100[103]
Template:Rh|Polyurethane foam Template:Nts[4] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Porcelain, electrical porcelain Template:Nts1940s Values
Sample 1
1.90 — 2.27
Sample 2
1.40 — 2.15
Sample 3
1.84 — 2.24 		Template:Nts

388.2 — 1418.2

395.2 — 1456.2

385.2 — 1396.2 		Template:Nts Template:NtsStarting material was 19.0 flint, 37.0 feldspar, 7.0 Edgar plastic kaolin, 22.0 Edgar Nocarb clay, and 15.0 Kentucky old mine No. 4 ball clay, ball milled for 15 hours, slip cast and fired to 1250 °C; 25% open pores; bulk density 2.5 g ⋅ cm−3. Norton, F.H. and Kingery, W.D., USAEC Rept. NYO — 601, 1 — 52, 1943 in TPRC Vol. 2 page 937[31]
Template:Rh|Propylene glycol Template:Nts[26] Template:Nts293.15 — 353.15 Template:Nts Template:NtsThis hearsay value is posted in the 48th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on page E-4.[26]
Template:Rh|Pyroxenite 4.3 ± 0.1
List: Birch and Clark in Robertson, page 31.[30] 		300 This summary came from 2 samples in 1940.
Template:Rh|Quartz, single crystal Template:Ntsh12[63] ∥ to c axis, 06.8[63] ⊥ to c axis
Rutgers University
11.1 ∥ to c axis, 5.88 ⊥ to c axis
9.34 ∥ to c axis, 5.19 ⊥ to c axis
8.68 ∥ to c axis, 4.50 ⊥ to c axis
List[104]
NBS
6.00 ∥ to c axis, 3.90 ⊥ to c axis
5.00 ∥ to c axis, 3.41 ⊥ to c axis
4.47 ∥ to c axis, 3.12 ⊥ to c axis
4.19 ∥ to c axis, 3.04 ⊥ to c axis
List[105] 		Template:Nts

311
366
422


500
600
700
800

 The noted authorities have reported some values in three digits as cited here in metric translation but they have not demonstrated three digit measurement.[106]

Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.[31]
Template:Rh|Quartz, fused, or vitreous silica, or fused silica Template:Ntsh1.46[107]-3[5]
1.4[63]
England
0.84
1.05
1.20
1.32
1.41
1.48
List[108]
America
0.52
1.13
1.23
1.40
1.42
1.50
1.53
1.59
1.73
1.92
2.17
2.48
2.87
3.34
4.00
4.80
6.18
List[105] 		Template:Ntsh293[5][107]
323[63]

123
173
223
273
323
373


100
200
223
293
323
373
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

 Template:Ntsh1.333E-18[75] - 10−16[107]
Template:Rh|Quartz, powdered Template:Ntsh Kozak 1952
0.184
0.209
0.230
0.259
Sinel'nikov 1958
0.0289
0.0335
0.0356
0.041
0.0448
0.0515
0.0669
0.0753
0.0812
0.0837
List: TPRC II pages 177-180[31] 		Template:Nts
483.2
588.2
673.2

313.2
373.2
473.2
571.2
617.2
667.2
713.2
811.2
863.2
868.2 		Kozak grain sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1 mm diameter and the density was 0.54 grams ⋅ cm−3. Kozak, M.I. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 22 (1), 73–6, 1952. By comparison Sinel'nikov powder is a powder in a vacuum, gran sizes range from 100 to 200 micrometers, the powder density is 1.35 g per cm−3. Sinel'nikov, N.N. and Filipovich, V.N., Soviet Phys. Tech., 3, 193–6, 1958. The TPRC record is blurred up some on the Sinel'nikov vacuum which looks like it is probably 5 ⋅ 10−5 mmHg.

TPRC pages 177–180, Volume 2, curves 62 and 65, Reference numbers 326 and 327 respectively.[31]

Template:Rh|Quartz, slip-cast Template:Ntsh First Run
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.62
Second Run
0.63
0.66
0.69
List[109] 		Template:Nts
700
900
1100
1300

900
1000
1100 		This material which must have started out like unfired pottery was slip cast from fused silica. Then it was dried four days at 333 K before being tested. It was 9 inches in diameter and 1 inch thick, density 1.78 ⋅ cm−3. The first run went to 1317K and then on the second run the same insulator proved to be more conductive. 1959.[109]
Template:Rh|Redwood bark Template:Ntsh Whole: Density=0.0641 g cm−3 L
0.0286
0.0307
0.0330
0.0356
0.0379
0.0407
Shredded: Density=0.0625 g cm−3 L
0.0107
List[31] 		222.2
239.2
255.5
272.1
288.8
305.3

318.7 		Whole: Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrig. Eng., 50, 541–4, 1945, TPRC pages 1084 & 1172.[31]
Shredded: Wilkes, G. B., Refrig. Eng., 52, 37–42, 1946, TPRC pages 1084 & 1162.[31]
Template:Rh|Rice hulls (ash) Template:Nts[110]
Template:Rh|Rice hulls (whole) Template:Nts[110]
Template:Rh|Rock, felsic igneous Template:NtsAir in Pores, 5 MPa*

Solidity* = 1

20%v Quartz: 2.21
40%v Quartz: 2.97
60%v Quartz: 3.72

Solidity = 0.9

20%v Quartz: 1.80
40%v Quartz: 2.41
60%v Quartz: 3.02

Water in Pores, 5 MPa

Solidity = 1

20%v Quartz: 2.83
40%v Quartz: 4.14
60%v Quartz: 5.46

Solidity = 0.9

20%v Quartz: 2.41
40%v Quartz: 3.47
60%v Quartz: 4.54
List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.[30] 		Template:Nts300 Template:Nts Template:Nts*5 MPa is 5 ⋅ 106 Pascals or 5 ⋅ 106 Newtons per meter2 or about fifty atmospheres pressure.


*Solidity ≡ the ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density dB/dG.


Symbols: %v is percent by volume.
Template:Rh|Rock, mafic igneous Template:NtsAir in Pores, 5 MPa

Solidity = 1

0 %v OPA*: 1.50
5 %v OPA : 1.58
10%v OPA: 1.65
20%v OPA: 1.80
30%v OPA: 1.95

Solidity = 0.9

0 %v OPA : 1.25
5 %v OPA : 1.31
10%v OPA: 1.37
20%v OPA: 1.49
30%v OPA: 1.62

Water in Pores, 5 MPa

Solidity = 1

0 %v OPA : 1.84
5 %v OPA : 1.96
10%v OPA: 2.09
20%v OPA: 2.34
30%v OPA: 2.59

Solidity = 0.9

0 %v OPA : 1.63
5 %v OPA : 1.73
10%v OPA: 1.83
20%v OPA: 2.04
30%v OPA: 2.24
List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.[30] 		Template:Nts300 Template:Nts Template:Nts*OPA is olivine, pyroxene and/or amphibole in any proportions.
Template:Rh|Rubber Template:NtsCRC Rubber, 92%, nd
0.16[63]

Griffiths Natural Rubber 1923

0.134

Hayes Synthetic Rubbers 1960

Thiokel ST

0.268

Kel-F 3700

0.117
0.113
0.113
0.113

Carboxy Rubber, Firestone butaprene T

0.255
0.238
0.197
List Griffiths and Hayes curves 11, 41, 43 & 56 in TPRC II pp 981–984[31] 		Template:Nts


303[63]



298.2





310.9



310.9
422.1
477.6
533.2



310.9
422.1
477.6




 Template:Nts~[75] Template:NtsThe Listed Synthetic Rubbers and more of them in the data collection are credited to Hayes, R.A., Smith, F.M., Kidder, G.A., Henning, J.C., Rigby, J.D. and Hall, G.L., WADC TR 56-331 (Pt.4), 1–157, 1960 [AD 240 212].[31]
Template:Rh|Sand, Hudson River Template:Nts
List: Robertson page 58[30] 		303.15 This sample has a density of 1.36 g/cm3.
Template:Rh|Sandstone Template:Ntsh1.83[18] - 2.90[18]
2.1[111] - 3.9[111] 		~95-71%SiO2
~98-48%SiO2, ~16-30% Porosity
Template:Rh|Silica aerogel Template:Ntsh0.003[63] (carbon black9%~0.0042[112])-0.008[112]-0.017[112]-0.02[4]-0.03[63] Template:Ntsh98[63] - 298[4][63] Foamed glass
Template:Rh|Silver, pure Template:Ntsh406[22]-407[34]-418[35]
427[36]-429[4][14][63][113]-430[14]
1970s values:
TPRC
3940
7830
17200
16800
5100
1930
1050
700
550
497
471
460
450
432
430
428
427
420
413
405
397
389
382
List[7]
The Soviet Union
429[61] 		Template:Ntsh293[22][34]
298[4][14][113]-300[14][63]


1
2
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
273.2
300
400
500
600
700
800
900


273.15 		Template:Ntsh61,350,000[113] - 63,010,000[38] Highest electrical conductivity of any metal

TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure silver with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000620 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 348 (1970).[7]
Template:Rh|Silver, sterling Template:Ntsh361[114]
Template:Rh|Snow, dry Template:Ntsh0.05[4]-0.11[22]-0.25[4] Template:Nts[4]
Template:Rh|Sodium chloride Template:Ntsh35.1 - 6.5 - 4.85[115] 80 - 289 - 400[115]
Template:Rh|Soil, dry with organic matter Template:Ntsh0.15[5][116]-1.15[116]-2[5] Template:Nts[5] composition may vary
Template:Rh|Soil, saturated Template:Ntsh0.6[5]-4[5] Template:Nts[5] composition may vary
Template:Rh|Soils, temperate Template:Ntsh Andersland Soils

Sandy Soils

Dry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 0.90 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
40% Saturation: K= 1.05
60% Saturation: K= 1.15
80% Saturation: K= 1.20

Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 1.09
40% Saturation: K= 1.30
60% Saturation: K= 1.44
80% Saturation: K= 1.54

Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 1.29
40% Saturation: K= 1.58
60% Saturation: K= 1.76
80% Saturation: K= 1.88

Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 1.50
40% Saturation: K= 1.90
60% Saturation: K= 2.15
80% Saturation: K= 2.31

Silt and Clay Soils

Dry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 0.54 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
40% Saturation: K= 0.76
60% Saturation: K= 0.90
80% Saturation: K= 1.00

Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 0.59
40% Saturation: K= 0.86
60% Saturation: K= 1.04
80% Saturation: K= 1.15

Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 0.61
40% Saturation: K= 1.00
60% Saturation: K= 1.23
80% Saturation: K= 1.39

Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−3
20% Saturation: K= 0.65
40% Saturation: K= 1.08
60% Saturation: K= 1.39
80% Saturation: K= 1.62

Charts: Andersland and Anderson in Farouki, figures 152 page 106 and 148 on page 104[117]

de Vries Soils

Mineral; density 2.65 g cm−3: K = 2.93
Organic; density 1.3 g cm−3: K = 0.251
Soil, mineral, dry; density 1.50 g cm−3: K = 0.209
Soil, mineral, saturated; density 1.93 g cm−3: K = 2.09
Soil, organic, dry; density 0.13 g cm−3: K = 0.033
Soil, organic, sat.; density 1.03 g cm−3: K = 0.502
List[118]

Higashi Soil With Water r*
Loose Packed
r = 0.0: K= 0.255 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
r = 0.2: K= 0.534
r = 0.4: K= 0.883
r = 0.6: K= 1.162

Close Packed
r = 0.0: K= 0.372
r = 0.2: K= 0.697
r = 0.4: K= 1.127
r = 0.6: K= 1.627
List: Higashi, Akira; Hokkaido University Library[119]

Kersten Soils

Silt-Clay Soils
1.28 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry
50% Saturation: K = 0.89 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
100% Saturation: K = 1.1
1.44 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry
50% Saturation: K = 1.0
100% Saturation: K = 1.3
1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3dry
50% Saturation: K = 1.2
100% Saturation: K = 1.5

Sandy Soil
1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry
50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
100% Saturation: K = 2.0
List: Kersten in Farouki, figures 146 & 150, pp. 103 & 105[117] 		293.2























277.59










 The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements.


The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm−3⋅Kelvin−1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited journal. Errors: TPRC Volume 2 pages 847 and 1159.[31] Journal archives.[118]

Also some de Vries authorities include John Webb, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" November 1956, Nature Volume 178, pages 1074–1075, and M.W. Makowski, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" April 1957, Nature Volume 179, pages 778-779 and more recent notables include Nan Zhang Phd and Zhaoyu Wang PhD "Review of soil thermal conductivity and predictive models" July 2017, International Journal of Thermal Sciences Volume 117 pages 172–183.
  • r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried soil mass. Higashi Soil.
Template:Rh|Soils, frozen, below saturation Template:NtsHigashi Soils
Soil A, Black cultivated, 0 — 10 cm deep

Dry: K = 0.488 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
Saturated: K = 3.151

Soil B, Brown subsoil, 25 — 30 cm deep

Dry: K = 0.232
Saturated: K = 2.604

Soil C, Yellow brown subsoil, 50 — 60 cm deep

Dry: K = 0.290
Saturated: K = 2.279

List: Higashi, Hokkaido University Library[120]

Kersten Soils

Sandy Soil

1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry

50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
100% Saturation: K > 3.17
List: Kersten in Farouki, figure 151 page 105.[117] 		Template:Nts268.15 ± 2K











269.26 		Template:Nts Template:NtsHigashi anomalies: The very high c values that are labeled as thermal conductivities in table III on page 100 would roughly fit the thesis of the paper if they came with lower orders of magnitude. The way that the dry soils get a lot lighter between Table I on page 99 and table IV on pages 102-3 is eventually explained by the fact that Table I has pycnometer densities.

For those who may already see reasons to learn more about the thermal conductivities of the soils it is free from the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The whole thing is on the Farouki reference footnote[117] and it comes with graphs and with formulas.

To make it easier a lb/ft3 is about 0.01601846 grams/cm3 and a Btu in./ft2 hr °F is about 0.14413139 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.

Template:Rh|Soils, frozen, above saturation Template:NtsHigashi Soils
Soil A
r* = 0.7: K = 3.953 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1
Soil B
r = 0.8: K = 3.348
List[120] 		Template:Nts268.15 ± 2K Template:Nts Template:NtsIn this sample of two there is one very dirty kind of ice that conducts heat at nearly twice the rate of plain ice. *r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried mass.
Template:Rh|Solder, Sn/63% Pb/37% Template:Ntsh50[121]
Template:Rh|Lead-free solder, Template:Nowrap, Template:Nowrap (SAC) Template:Ntsh~60[121]
Template:Rh|Steel, carbon Template:Ntsh36[34][35]-43[4] 50.2[22]-54[4][34][35]

Intermediate British Steels, 1933

CS 81: 0.1% C, 0.34% Mn
67.4
66.1
64.9

CS 91: 0.26% C, 0.61% Mn
56.1
55.2
54.4

CS 92: 0.44% C, 0.67% Mn
54.0
52.7
51.9
List: Naeser, G. in TPRC I pp 1186–90, curves 81, 91 and 92[7]

Tool Steel, 1.41% C, 0.23% Mn, 0.158% Si L

Water Quenched
30.5
31.0
31.8

Tempered at 150°C and air cooled
32.2
32.2
32.8

Tempered at 200°C and air cooled
33.1
33.9
33.5

Tempered at 250°C and air cooled
36.8
36.4
37.2

Tempered at 300°C and air cooled
37.7
38.5
38.1

Tempered at 350°C and air cooled
38.1
38.5
38.9
List: Hattori, D., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London) 129 (1), 189–306, 1934 in TPRC I pp 1115–1120 curves 61-66[7] 		Template:Ntsh293[22][34]-298[4]




373.2
473.2
573.2


373.2
473.2
573.2


373.2
473.2
573.2






355.70
374.20
390.20


360.70
376.70
389.70


366.20
401.70
427.20


364.20
395.70
424.70


365.70
393.20
427.20


369.20
390.70
432.20


 (Fe+(1.5-0.5)%C)
Template:Rh|Steel, stainless Template:Ntsh16.3[35][122]-16.7[123]-18[124]-24[124] Template:Nts[122][123][124] Template:Ntsh1,176,000[123] - 1,786,000[124] (Fe, Cr12.5-25%, Ni0-20%, Mo0-3%, Ti0-trace)
Template:Rh|Styrofoam-expanded polystyrene Template:Ntsh Dow Chemical 0.033-0.036[125]
K. T. Yucel et al. 0.036-0.046[19]
Template:Rh|Syenite Template:Nts
List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 58[30] 		300 This summary came from one sample in 1940.
Template:Rh|Thermal grease Template:Nts - 3.0 Template:Citation needed
Template:Rh|Thermal tape Template:Nts[126]
Template:Rh|Thorium dioxide Template:Ntsh 3.68
3.12
2.84
2.66
2.54
List[31] 		1000
1200
1400
1600
1800

 Recommended values, TPRC, Polycrystaline, 99.5% pure, 98% dense, page 198[31]
Template:Rh|Tin Template:Ntsh TPRC
20400⊥to the c axis, 14200 ∥ to the c axis, 18300 P*
36000⊥to the c axis, 25000 ∥ to the c axis, 32300 P
33100⊥to the c axis, 23000 ∥ to the c axis, 29700 P
20200⊥to the c axis, 14000 ∥ to the c axis, 18100 P

13000⊥to the c axis, 9000 ∥ to the c axis, (11700) P

8500⊥to the c axis, 5900 ∥ to the c axis, (7600) P
5800⊥to the c axis, 4000 ∥ to the c axis, (5200) P
4000⊥to the c axis, 2800 ∥ to the c axis, (3600) P
2900⊥to the c axis, 2010 ∥ to the c axis, (2600) P

2150 ⊥to the c axis, 1490 ∥ to the c axis, (1930) P

1650⊥to the c axis, 1140∥ to the c axis, (1480) P
1290⊥to the c axis, 900 ∥ to the c axis, (1160) P
1040⊥to the c axis, 20 ∥ to the c axis, (930) P
850 ⊥to the c axis, 590 ∥ to the c axis, (760) P

700 ⊥to the c axis, 490 ∥ to the c axis, (630) P

590 ⊥to the c axis, 410 ∥ to the c axis, (530) P
450 ⊥to the c axis, 310 ∥ to the c axis, (400) P
360 ⊥to the c axis, 250 ∥ to the c axis, (320) P
250 ⊥to the c axis, 172 ∥ to the c axis, (222) P

200 ⊥to the c axis, 136* ∥ to the c axis, (176) P

167 ⊥to the c axis, 116 ∥ to the c axis, (150) P
(150)⊥to the c axis, (104) ∥ to the c axis, (133) P
(137)⊥to the c axis, (95) ∥ to the c axis, (123) P
(128)⊥to the c axis, (89) ∥ to the c axis, (115) P

(107)⊥to the c axis, (74) ∥ to the c axis, (96) P
(98.0)⊥to the c axis, (68.0) ∥ to the c axis, (88.0) P
(95.0)⊥to the c axis, (66.0) ∥ to the c axis, (85.0) P
(86.7)⊥to the c axis, (60.2) ∥ to the c axis, (77.9) P

(81.6)⊥to the c axis, (56.7) ∥ to the c axis, (73.3) P

(75.9)⊥to the c axis, (52.7) ∥ to the c axis, 68.2 P
(74.2)⊥to the c axis, (51.5) ∥ to the c axis, 66.6 P
69.3⊥to the c axis, 48.1 ∥ to the c axis, 62.2 P
66.4⊥to the c axis, 46.1 ∥ to the c axis, 59.6 P
List[7]

The Soviet Union
68.2[61] 		Template:Nts
1
2
3
4

5

6
7
8
9

10

11
12
13
14

15

16
18
20
25

30

35
40
45
50

70
90
100
150

200

273.2
300
400
500



273.15 		Template:Nts Template:Nts*The P Conductivity is the conductivity of polycrystalline Tin.

TPRC Tin is well annealed 99.999+% pure white tin with residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000120, 0.0001272 & 0.000133 μΩ cm respectively for the single crystal along directions perpendicular ⊥ and parallel ∥ to the c axis and for polycrystalline tin P. The recommended values are thought to be accurate to within 3% near room temperature and 3 to [unintelligible] at other temperatures. Values in parentheses are extrapolated, interpolated, or estimated.

*It happens that the online record has the thermal conductivity at 30 Kelvins and ∥ to the c axis posted at 1.36 W⋅cm−1 K−1 and 78.0 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 which is incorrect. Also the copy is blurred up enough to give you the impression that maybe what it really means is 1.36 W−1 cm−1 K−1 and 78.6 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 and a type-head that got overdue for its cleaning since the secretary had a tall heap of papers on her desk and if that is the case then the multilingual expression is perfectly consistent. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 408.[7]

This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 3.722 Kelvins. Weast page E-75.[26]
Template:Rh|Titanium, pure Template:Ntsh15.6[35]-19.0[34]-21.9[14][127]-22.5[34] Template:Ntsh293[34]-300[14][127] Template:Ntsh1,852,000[127] - 2,381,000[38]
Template:Rh|Titanium alloy Template:Nts[128] Template:Nts[128] Template:Nts[128] (Ti+6%Al+4%V)
Template:Rh|Tungsten, pure Template:Nts 1440
9710
208
Template:Nts[129]
118
98[130] 		1
10
100
Template:Nts[129]
1000
2000 		Template:Nts[129]
Template:Rh|Wallboard (1929) Template:Ntsh 0.0640
0.0581
0.0633
List[31] 		322.8 Stiles, H., Chem. Met. Eng.,36, 625–6, 1929, TPRC Volume 2 pages 1131 and 1172. This is commercial wallboard in three samples of it at the same mean temperature.[31]
Template:Rh|Water Template:Ntsh0.563[131]-0.596[131]-0.6[5][22]-0.609[32]

Deionized ultra-filtered water
0.598[132]

TPRC
0.5225*
0.5551*
0.5818
0.5918
0.6084
0.6233
0.6367
0.6485
0.6587
0.6673
0.6797
0.6864
0.6727
0.6348
0.5708
List[23]

The Soviet Union
0.599[61] 		Template:Ntsh273[131]-293[5][22][131]-300[32]


293.15


250
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
370
400
450
500
550



293.15 		Template:Ntsh5×Pure10−6[64]-Sweet10−3±1[64]-Sea1[131] <4[131]%(NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2)

*The TPRC Estimates for water at 250K and 270K are for supercooled liquid. Of course the values for 400K and above are for water under steam pressure.[23]
Template:Rh|Water vapor Template:Ntsh0.016[4]-0.02479 (101.3 kPa)[133]
0.0471 (1 bar)[25] 		Template:Ntsh293[133]-398[4]
600[25]
Template:Rh|Wood, moist Template:Ntsh+>=12% water: 0.09091[134]-0.16[63]-0.21[134]-0.4[5]
The Royal Society:

Fir L
Specific gravity=0.6
15% moisture
⊥ to the grain U*: 0.117
Mahogany L
Specific gravity=0.70
15% m & ⊥ to the grain R*: 0.167
15% m & ⊥ to the grain T*: 0.155
15% m & ∥ to the grain: 0.310
Oak L
Specific gravity=0.60
14% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.117
Spruce: L
Electric Oven
3.40% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.122
5.80% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.126
7.70% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.129
9.95% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.133
17.0% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.142
Specific gravity=0.041
16% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.121
16% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.105
16% m & ∥ to the grain: 0.222
Teak L
Specific gravity=0.72
10% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.138
Walnut L
Specific gravity=0.65
12.1% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.145
11.3% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.136
11.8% m & ∥ to the grain: 0.332
List[31] 		Template:Ntsh298[63]-293[5]




293.2


293.2
293.2
293.2


293.2


373.2
373.2
373.2
373.2
373.2

293.2
293.2
293.2


293.2


293.2
293.2
293.2
 Template:Nts Template:NtsSpecies-Variable[134]

The Royal Society: Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923, TPRC Volume 2, pages 1073, 1080, 1082, 1086 and 1162.[31]

*The R conductivity is the thermal conductivity radial to the annual rings, T is tangential to those rings and U is unspecified. Mahogany: page 1080, Oak: page 1082, Spruce: page 1086, Teak: page 1087, Walnut: page 1089.

Method: Longitudinal Heat Flow, TPRC 1, page 24a.[7]

Note: all the percentages refer to moisture. The Fir was measured at 15%, Mahogany, 15%, Oak, 14%, Spruce, 3.40%, 5.80%, 7.70%, 9.95%, 17.0% and 16%. Teak was measured at 10% and Walnut was measured at 12.1%, 11.3% and 11.8% moisture.

Template:Rh|Wood, unspecified Template:Ntsh0.04[22]-0.055[4]-0.07692[134]-0.12[22]-0.17[4][134]

The Royal Society
Walnut L
⊥ to the grain & tangent to the annual rings, various pressures and thicknesses all 0.137 ± 0.001 twelve times over. Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923 in TPRC 2 page 1089.[31]

Various
Pine, see Pine.
Redwood Bark, see Redwood Bark. 		Template:Ntsh293[22]-298[4]





293.2




 Balsa[4]-Cedar[134]-Hickory[134]/Oak[4]
Template:Rh|Wool, Angora wool Template:Nts[31] 293.2[31] Bettini, T. M., Ric. Sci. 20 (4), 464–6, 1950, TPRC pages 1092 and 1172[31]
Template:Rh|Wool felt Template:Nts[31]
0.0732[31] 		313.2[31]
343.2[31] 		Taylor, T. S., Mech. Eng., 42, 8–10, 1920, TPRC pages 1133 and 1161.[31]
Template:Rh|Zinc, pure Template:Ntsh116[64] Template:Ntsh293[64] Template:Ntsh16,950,000[64]
Template:Rh|Zinc oxide Template:Nts[36]
Template:Rh|Zirconium dioxide Template:Ntsh Slip Cast, first run (1950)
2.03
1.98
1.96
1.91
1.91
1.90
Second Run (1950)
1.81
1.80
1.92
1.90
1.95
1.92
1.97
1.98
2.04
2.29
CaO stabilized (1964)
1.54
1.64
1.64
1.76
1.62
1.79
1.80
2.46
2.33
2.80
2.56
2.70
List[31] 		766.2
899.2
1006.2
1090.2
1171.2
1233.2

386.2
470.2
553.2
632.2
734.2
839.2
961.2
1076.2
1163.2
1203.2

1343.2
1513.2
1593.2
1663.2
1743.2
2003.2
2103.2
2323.2
2413.2
2413.2
2493.2
2523.2 		First Run: Density=5.35 g cm−3. Norton, F. H., Kingery, W. D., Fellows, D. M., Adams, M., McQuarrie, M. C. and Coble, R. L. USAEC Rept. NYO-596, 1–9, 1950, TPRC pages 247 and 1160[31]

Second Run: Same Specimen, same USAEC Report.[31]

CaO stabilized: Density=4.046 g cm−3 (66.3% of theoretical). Feith, A. D., Gen. Elec. Co., Adv. Tech. Service, USAEC Rept. GEMP-296, 1-25, 1964, TPRC pages 247 and 1165.[31]

Some recent developments include Zirconia fibrous thermal insulation for temperatures up to about 2000 Kelvins. Various conductivities less than 0.4 w m−1 K−1. Zircar Zirconia, Inc.[135][136]

Material Thermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1] Temperature [K] Electrical conductivity @ 293 K [Ω−1·m−1] Notes

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite web
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  6. ↑ Material Properties Data: Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) Template:Webarchive. Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
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  8. ↑ Cheng, Zhe; Koh, Yee Rui; Mamun, Abdullah; Shi, Jingjing; Bai, Tingyu; Huynh, Kenny; Yates, Luke; Liu, Zeyu; Li, Ruiyang; Lee, Eungkyu; Liao, Michael E.; Wang, Yekan; Yu, Hsuan Ming; Kushimoto, Maki; Luo, Tengfei; Goorsky, Mark S.; Hopkins, Patrick E.; Amano, Hiroshi; Khan, Asif; Graham, Samuel (2020). "Experimental observation of high intrinsic thermal conductivity of AlN". Physical Review Materials. 4 (4): 044602. arXiv:1911.01595. Bibcode:2020PhRvM...4d4602C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.044602. S2CID 207780348.
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  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Template:Cite web
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Apart from maybe Neptunium (6.3 W/(m⋅K)) and Plutonium (6.74 W/(m⋅K)).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Template:Cite web
  20. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.23 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.29 22.30 22.31 22.32 22.33 22.34 22.35 22.36 22.37 22.38 22.39 HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F))
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 3 (1970)https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:34 AM EST.
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  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 "Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195.
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  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 Robertson, Eugene C., Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-441, 1988 at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf Retrieved January 24, 2019 at 12:08 AM EST
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  104. ↑ [Engineering Research Bulletin No. 40, Rutgers University (1958) quoted by Weast, R.C., Editor-in-Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th edition, Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. 1967-1968, page E-5.]
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, Issued 25 November 1966, page 99>Link Text
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  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 de Vries, D. A. and Peck, A. J., "On the Cylindrical Probe Method of Measuring Thermal Conductivity With Special Reference to Soils. I. Extension of Theory and Discussion of Probe Characteristics," Australian Journal of Physics, 11 (2), [pp 255-71] page 262, 1958> http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=PH580255.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2016 at 9:17 PM (UTC).
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    http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-316.html
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