Isaiah 42

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Isaiah 42 is the forty-second chapter of the Book of Isaiah in both the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is a part of the Books of the Prophets.[1] Chapters 40-55 are known as "Deutero-Isaiah" and date from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon. This chapter contains a poem known as the first of the "Servant songs" about the servant, whom Jewish tradition holds that Isaiah identifies as either the Israelites themselves (Template:Langx, or l'goyim) or Cyrus (in contrast to Jewish Christian and, thus, later gentile Christian tradition, as well as Islamic tradition).

Scholars such as John Goldingay, John Barton, and John Muddiman also hold the view that the Old Testament identifies the servant of the Servant songs as the Israelites in Is. 41:8-9; Is. 44:1; Is. 44:21; Is. 45:4; Is. 48:20 and Is. 49:3.[2][3] The latter two write that "The idea of a 'servant' played a small part in the earlier chapters, being used as a designation of the unworthy Eliakim in 22:20 and of the figure of David in 37:35, but it now comes to the fore as a description of major significance, the noun being used more than 20 times in chs. 40-55. Its first usage is obviously important in establishing the sense in which we are to understand it, and here it is clear that the community of Israel/Jacob is so described."[2]

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):

  • 1QIsaa: complete
  • 4QIsag (4Q61): extant verses 14‑25
  • 4QIsah (4Q62): extant verses 2, 4‑11
  • 4QIsai (4Q62a): extant verses 4‑11

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; π”ŠB; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: π”ŠS; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; π”ŠA; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; π”ŠQ; 6th century).Template:Sfn

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[4] Isaiah 42 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{P} 42:1-4 {P} 42:5-9 {P} 42:10-13 {S} 42:14-17 {P} 42:18-25 [43:1-10 {S}]

Verse 1

"Behold! My Servant whom I uphold,
My Elect One in whom My soul delights!
I have put My Spirit upon Him;
He will bring forth justice to the Gentiles."[5]

The Synoptic Gospels each allude to verse 1 in their accounts of the Baptism of Jesus, when the Holy Spirit descends like a dove upon Jesus and a "voice from heaven" acclaims Him as "My Beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased." (Matthew 3:17; Template:Bibleverse; Template:Bibleverse).

Verse 3

A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth.[6]

In Template:Bibleverse, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, had referred to Egypt as a "broken reed", criticising Israel's dependence on Egypt during the reign of king Hezekiah.

  • "Smoking" or "dimly burning"[7]
  • "Quench" or "extinguish"[8] from the Hebrew root: k-b-h (Template:Lang, kabah, "to be quenched or extinguished, to go out"[9]), is also used in Isaiah 1:31 and Isaiah 66:24 for: "the fire that shall not be quenched"; Isaiah 34:10: 'the fire devouring Edom "will not be quenched"'; as well as in 43:17: 'those who oppose the LORD'S path are "quenched like a wick"'.Template:Sfn

Verse 4

He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment in the earth: and the isles shall wait for his law.[10]

Verse 7

To open the blind eyes, to bring out the prisoners from the prison, and them that sit in darkness out of the prison house.[16]

New Testament

In Matthew 12:17–21, Isaiah 42:1–4 is cited as a fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecies in the life and work of Jesus Christ:

And great multitudes followed Him, and He healed them all. Yet He warned them not to make Him known, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying:
"Behold! My Servant whom I have chosen,
My Beloved in whom My soul is well pleased!
I will put My Spirit upon Him,
And He will declare justice to the Gentiles.
He will not quarrel nor cry out,
Nor will anyone hear His voice in the streets.
A bruised reed He will not break,
And smoking flax He will not quench,
Till He sends forth justice to victory;
And in His name Gentiles will trust."[21]

Islamic interpretation

Muslim tradition holds that Isaiah 42 predicted the coming of a servant associated with Qedar, the second son of Ishmael and who went on to live his life in Arabia[22] (see Template:Bibleref). Template:Bibleref also mentions that the people of "Sela" - interpreted here as the mountain of Sela near present-day Medina, Saudi Arabia - would "sing for joy" and "shout from the mountain tops", and so interpret this passage as prophesising the coming of Muhammad and his migration to Medina.[23]Template:Failed verification

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Jewish

Christian

Template:Book of Isaiah

  1. ↑ Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume VI. Nashville: Abingdon.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barton, John, and John Muddiman, eds. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007, 467-477
  3. ↑ Goldingay, John. The theology of the Book of Isaiah. InterVarsity Press, 2014, 61-74.
  4. ↑ As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
  5. ↑ Template:Bibleref2 NKJV
  6. ↑ Template:Bibleverse KJV
  7. ↑ Note [a] on Isaiah 42:3 in NKJV
  8. ↑ Note [b] on Isaiah 42:3 in NKJV
  9. ↑ Template:Strong-number
  10. ↑ Template:Bibleverse KJV
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Hebrew Text Analysis: Isaiah 42:4. Biblehub
  12. ↑ Note [a] on Isaiah 42:4 in ESV
  13. ↑ Note [a] on Isaiah 42:4 in NET Bible
  14. ↑ Note [b] on Isaiah 42:4 in NET Bible
  15. ↑ Note [c] on Isaiah 42:4 in NET Bible
  16. ↑ Template:Bibleverse KJV
  17. ↑ Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. "Isaiah 42". 1871.
  18. ↑ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Isaiah 42". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Isaiah 42. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  20. ↑ Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Isaiah 42. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.
  21. ↑ Template:Bibleref2 NKJV
  22. ↑ Zepp, Ira G. (2000). A Muslim Primer: Beginner's Guide to Islam. Vol. 1. University of Arkansas Press, p. 50. Accessed 3 May 2024.
  23. ↑ Rubin, Uri (1995). The eye of the beholder: the life of MuαΈ₯ammad as viewed by the early Muslims: a textual analysis. Volume 5 of Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Darwin Press. For 1995 edition see here.
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