Homothety

Example with Template:Math. Template:Math corresponds to a point reflection at point Template:Mvar

In mathematics, a homothety (or homothecy, or homogeneous dilation) is a transformation of an affine space determined by a point Template:Mvar called its center and a nonzero number Template:Mvar called its ratio, which sends point Template:Mvar to a point Template:Mvar by the rule,Template:Sfnp $\vec{S X^{'}} = k \vec{S X}$ for a fixed number Template:Tmath. Using position vectors: $𝐱^{'} = 𝐬 + k (𝐱 - 𝐬) .$

In case of $S = O$ (Origin): $𝐱^{'} = k 𝐱,$ which is a uniform scaling and shows the meaning of special choices for Template:Tmath:

for $k = 1$ one gets the identity mapping;
for $k = - 1$ one gets the reflection at the center;
for $1 / k$ one gets the inverse mapping defined by Template:Tmath.

In Euclidean geometry homotheties are the similarities that fix a point and either preserve (if Template:Tmath) or reverse (if Template:Tmath) the direction of all vectors. Together with the translations, all homotheties of an affine (or Euclidean) space form a group, the group of dilations or homothety-translations. These are precisely the affine transformations with the property that the image of every line Template:Mvar is a line parallel to Template:Mvar.

In projective geometry, a homothetic transformation is a similarity transformation (i.e., fixes a given elliptic involution) that leaves the line at infinity pointwise invariant.Template:Sfnp

In Euclidean geometry, a homothety of ratio $k$ multiplies distances between points by Template:Tmath, areas by $k^{2}$ and volumes by Template:Tmath. Here $k$ is the ratio of magnification or dilation factor or scale factor or similitude ratio. Such a transformation can be called an enlargement if the scale factor exceeds 1. The above-mentioned fixed point Template:Tmath is called homothetic center or center of similarity or center of similitude.

The term, coined by French mathematician Michel Chasles, is derived from two Greek elements: the prefix Template:Translit (Template:Lang Template:Gloss); and Template:Translit (Template:Lang) Template:Gloss). It describes the relationship between two figures of the same shape and orientation. For example, two Russian dolls looking in the same direction can be considered homothetic.

Homotheties are used to scale the contents of computer screens; for example, smartphones, notebooks, and laptops.

Properties

The following properties hold in any dimension.

Mapping lines, line segments and angles

A homothety has the following properties:

A line is mapped onto a parallel line. Hence: angles remain unchanged.
The ratio of two line segments is preserved.

Both properties show that a homothety is a similarity.

Derivation of the properties

In order to make calculations easy it is assumed that the center $S$ is the origin: Template:Tmath. A line $g$ with parametric representation $𝐱 = 𝐩 + t 𝐯$ is mapped onto the point set $g^{'}$ with equation $𝐱 = k (𝐩 + t 𝐯) = k 𝐩 + t k 𝐯,$ which is a line parallel to Template:Tmath.

The distance of two points $P : 𝐩, Q : 𝐪$ is $| 𝐩 - 𝐪 |$ and Template:Tmath, the distance between their images. Hence, the ratio (quotient) of two line segments remains unchanged.

In case of $S \neq O$ the calculation is analogous but a little extensive.

Consequences: A triangle is mapped on a similar one. The homothetic image of a circle is a circle. The image of an ellipse is a similar one. i.e. the ratio of the two axes is unchanged.

Graphical construction (using the intercept theorem)

If for a homothety with center $S$ the image $Q_{1}$ of a point $P_{1}$ is given (see diagram) then the image $Q_{2}$ of a second point Template:Tmath, which lies not on line $S P_{1}$ can be constructed graphically using the intercept theorem: $Q_{2}$ is the common point of two lines $\overline{P_{1} P_{2}}$ and Template:Tmath. The image of a point collinear with $P_{1}, Q_{1}$ can be determined using Template:Tmath.

Graphical construction (using a pantograph)

Before computers became ubiquitous, scalings of drawings were done by using a pantograph, a tool similar to a compass.

Take 4 rods and assemble a mobile parallelogram with vertices $P_{0}, Q_{0}, H, P$ such that the two rods meeting at $Q_{0}$ are prolonged at the other end as shown in the diagram. Choose the ratio Template:Tmath.
On the prolonged rods mark the two points $S, Q$ such that $| S Q_{0} | = k | S P_{0} |$ and $| Q Q_{0} | = k | H Q_{0} | .$ This is the case if $| S Q_{0} | = \frac{k}{k - 1} | P_{0} Q_{0} | .$ (Instead of $k$ the location of the center $S$ can be prescribed. In this case the ratio is $k = | S Q_{0} | / | S P_{0} |$ .)
Attach the mobile rods rotatable at point Template:Tmath.
Vary the location of point $P$ and mark at each time point Template:Tmath.

Because of $| S Q_{0} | / | S P_{0} | = | Q_{0} Q | / | P P_{0} |$ (see diagram) one gets from the intercept theorem that the points $S, P, Q$ are collinear (lie on a line) and equation $| S Q | = k | S P |$ holds. That shows: the mapping $P \to Q$ is a homothety with center $S$ and ratio Template:Tmath.

Composition

Composition of two homotheties with the same center

The composition of two homotheties with the same center $S$ is again a homothety with center Template:Tmath. The homotheties with center $S$ form a group.

Composition of two homotheties with different centers

The composition of two homotheties with different centers $S_{1}, S_{2}$ and its ratios $k_{1}, k_{2}$ is:

for $k_{1} k_{2} \neq 1$ , a homothety with its center on line $\overline{S_{1} S_{2}}$ and ratio Template:Tmath; or
for $k_{1} k_{2} = 1$ , a translation in direction Template:Tmath. Especially, if $k_{1} = k_{2} = - 1$ (point reflections).

Derivation

For the composition $σ_{2} σ_{1}$ of the two homotheties $σ_{1}, σ_{2}$ with centers $S_{1}, S_{2}$ with $\begin{matrix} σ_{1} : 𝐱 & \to 𝐬_{1} + k_{1} (𝐱 - 𝐬_{1}), \\ σ_{2} : 𝐱 & \to 𝐬_{2} + k_{2} (𝐱 - 𝐬_{2}) \end{matrix}$ one gets by calculation for the image of point $X : 𝐱$ : $\begin{matrix} (σ_{2} σ_{1}) (𝐱) & = 𝐬_{2} + k_{2} (𝐬_{1} + k_{1} (𝐱 - 𝐬_{1}) - 𝐬_{2}) \\ = (1 - k_{1}) k_{2} 𝐬_{1} + (1 - k_{2}) 𝐬_{2} + k_{1} k_{2} 𝐱 . \end{matrix}$ Hence, the composition is

in case of $k_{1} k_{2} = 1$ , a translation in direction $\vec{S_{1} S_{2}}$ by vector Template:Tmath;
in case of $k_{1} k_{2} \neq 1$ point $S_{3} : 𝐬_{3} = \frac{(1 - k_{1}) k_{2} 𝐬_{1} + (1 - k_{2}) 𝐬_{2}}{1 - k_{1} k_{2}} = 𝐬_{1} + \frac{1 - k_{2}}{1 - k_{1} k_{2}} (𝐬_{2} - 𝐬_{1})$ is a fixpoint (is not moved), and the composition $σ_{2} σ_{1} : 𝐱 \to 𝐬_{3} + k_{1} k_{2} (𝐱 - 𝐬_{3})$ is a homothety with center $S_{3}$ and ratio $k_{1} k_{2}$ . $S_{3}$ lies on line Template:Tmath.

Composition of a homothety and a translation

The composition of a homothety and a translation is a homothety.

Derivation

The composition of the homothety $σ : 𝐱 \to 𝐬 + k (𝐱 - 𝐬), k \neq 1,$ and the translation $τ : 𝐱 \to 𝐱 + 𝐯$ is $\begin{matrix} τ σ : 𝐱 & \to 𝐬 + 𝐯 + k (𝐱 - 𝐬) \\ = 𝐬 + \frac{𝐯}{1 - k} + k (𝐱 - (𝐬 + \frac{𝐯}{1 - k})) \end{matrix}$ which is a homothety with center $𝐬^{'} = 𝐬 + \frac{𝐯}{1 - k}$ and ratio Template:Tmath.

In homogeneous coordinates

The homothety $σ : 𝐱 \to 𝐬 + k (𝐱 - 𝐬)$ with center $S = (u, v)$ can be written as the composition of a homothety with center $O$ and a translation: $𝐱 \to k 𝐱 + (1 - k) 𝐬 .$ Hence $σ$ can be represented in homogeneous coordinates by the matrix: $(\begin{matrix} k & 0 & (1 - k) u \\ 0 & k & (1 - k) v \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix})$

A pure homothety linear transformation is also conformal because it is composed of translation and uniform scale.

Notes

References

Coxeter, H. S. M. (1961), "Introduction to geometry", Wiley, p. 94
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External links

Homothety, interactive applet from Cut-the-Knot.

Homothety

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