File:VLT Snaps An Exotic Exoplanet “First”.tif

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    English: Astronomers hunt for planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets) using a variety of methods. One successful method is direct imaging; this is particularly effective for planets on wide orbits around young stars, because the light from the planet is not overwhelmed by light from the host star and is thus easier to spot.

    This image demonstrates this technique. It shows a T-Tauri star named CVSO 30, located approximately 1200 light-years away from Earth in the 25 Orionis group (slightly northwest of Orion’s famous Belt). In 2012, astronomers found that CVSO 30 hosted one exoplanet (CVSO 30b) using a detection method known as transit photometry, where the light from a star observably dips as a planet travels in front of it. Now, astronomers have gone back to look at the system using a number of telescopes. The study combines observations obtained with the ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, and the Calar Alto Observatory facilities in Spain.

    Using the data astronomers have imaged what is likely to be a second planet! To produce the image, astronomers exploited the astrometry provided by VLT’s NACO and SINFONI instruments.

    This new exoplanet, named CVSO 30c, is the small dot to the upper left of the frame (the large blob is the star itself). While the previously-detected planet, CVSO 30b, orbits very close to the star, whirling around CVSO 30 in just under 11 hours at an orbital distance of 0.008 au, CVSO 30c orbits significantly further out, at a distance of 660 au, taking a staggering 27 000 years to complete a single orbit. (For reference, the planet Mercury orbits the Sun at an average distance of 0.39 au, while Neptune sits at just over 30 au.)

    If it is confirmed that CVSO 30c orbits CVSO 30, this would be the first star system to host both a close-in exoplanet detected by the transit method and a far-out exoplanet detected by direct imaging. Astronomers are still exploring how such an exotic system came to form in such a short timeframe, as the star is only 2.5 million years old; it is possible that the two planets interacted at some point in the past, scattering off one another and settling in their current extreme orbits.
    Español: Los astrónomos buscan planetas orbitando otras estrellas (exoplanetas) usando diversos métodos. Un método exitoso es la imagen directa; es particularmente eficaz para planetas en órbitas amplias alrededor de estrellas jóvenes, ya que la luz del planeta no está saturada por la luz de la estrella y así es más fácil de detectar.

    Esta imagen muestra esta técnica. Muestra a una estrella T-Tauri llamada CVSO 30, ubicada aproximadamente a 1.200 años luz de la Tierra en el grupo 25 Orionis (ligeramente al noroeste del famoso Cinturón de Orión). En 2012, los astrónomos descubrieron que CVSO 30 albergaba a un exoplaneta (CVSO 30b). Lo hicieron utilizando un método de detección conocido como fotometría de tránsito, donde la luz de una estrella disminuye cuando un planeta pasa frente a ella. Ahora, los astrónomos han vuelto a observar este sistema con varios telescopios. El estudio combina observaciones obtenidas con el Very Large Telescope (VLT) de ESO, en Chile, el Observatorio W. M. Keck en Hawái y las instalaciones del Observatorio de Calar Alto en España.

    Utilizando los datos recogidos, los astrónomos han descubierto lo que probablemente es ¡un segundo planeta! Para producir esta imagen, los astrónomos utilizaron la astrometría proporcionada por los instrumentos NACO y SINFONI del VLT.

    Este nuevo exoplaneta, llamado CVSO 30c, es el punto más pequeño de la parte superior izquierda de la imagen (la gran burbuja es la propia estrella). Mientras el planeta detectado previamente, CVSO 30b, orbita muy cerca de la estrella, girando alrededor de CVSO 30 en poco menos de 11 horas a una distancia orbital de 0,008 UA, CVSO 30c órbita mucho más hacia fuera, a una distancia de 660 UA, tomándose la asombrosa cifra de 27.000 años para completar una sola órbita. (Como referencias, el planeta Mercurio orbita al Sol a una distancia promedio de 0,39 UA, mientras que Neptuno se encuentra a poco más de 30 UA).

    Si se confirma que CVSO 30c orbita a CVSO 30, este sería el primer sistema estelar en albergar tanto a un exoplaneta cercano detectado por el método de tránsito como a un exoplaneta lejano detectados por imagen directa. Los astrónomos todavía están explorando cómo un sistema tan exótico llegó a formarse en tan poco tiempo; es posible que los dos planetas interactuasen en algún momento del pasado, empujándose mutuamente y estableciendo su actual órbita extrema.
    Deutsch: Astronomen jagen mittels unterschiedlicher Methoden nach Planeten, die andere Sterne umkreisen, den Exoplaneten. Eine erfolgreiche Methode ist die direkte Beobachtung; Diese funktioniert besonders gut für Planeten auf weit entfernten Umlaufbahnen um junge Sterne, da das Licht des Planeten nicht vom Mutterstern überstrahlt wird und daher leichter zu beobachten ist.

    Dieses Bild veranschaulicht diese Technik. Es zeigt den T-Tauri-Stern namens CVSO 30, der ungefähr 1200 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt in der 25 Orionis Gruppe (etwas nordwestlich des Oriongürtels) steht. Im Jahr 2012 fanden Astronomen heraus, dass CVSO 30 einen Exoplaneten hat (CVSO30b). Dazu nutzten sie die Transitmethode, bei der die Helligkeit messbar schwächer wird, wenn ein Planet vor ihm vorbeizieht. Dieses Sternsystem haben die Astronomen jetzt mittels einiger Teleskope nochmals unter die Lupe genommen. Das Projekt kombiniert Beobachtungen mit dem Very Large Telescope (VLT) der ESO in Chile, dem W. M. Keck Observatorium auf Hawaii und dem Calar Alto-Observatorium in Spanien.

    Mit Hilfe dieser Daten konnten die Astronomen ein Objekt nachweisen, das wahrscheinlich ein zweiter Planet ist! Um dieses Bild zu erstellen, verwendete man die Messdaten der Instrumente NACO und SINFONI am VLT.

    Der neue Exoplanet, der den Namen CVSO 30c erhielt, ist der kleine Punkt oben links im Bild (der helle Fleck ist der Stern selbst). Während der schon früher entdeckte Planet CVSO 30b, den Stern sehr nahe umkreist, mit einer Umlaufzeit von unter 11 Stunden und einer Entfernung von 0.008 AE, zieht CVSO 30c erheblich weiter außen in einer Entfernung von 660 AE und mit einer gemächlichen Umlaufzeit von 27.000 Jahren seine Bahn. (Zum Vergleich, Merkur umrundet die Sonne in einer mittleren Entfernung von 0.39 AE, während Neptun im Abstand von knapp über 30 AE kreist.)

    Falls es sich bestätigt, dass CVSO 30c ein Planet von CVSO 30 ist, so wäre dies das erste Sternsystem, das sowohl einen sehr weit innen befindlichen Exoplaneten aufweist, der mittels Transitmethode gefunden wurde, als auch einen sehr weit außen liegenden Exoplaneten, der mittels direkter Beobachtung entdeckt wurde. Die Astronomen rätseln noch, wie ein solch exotisches System in so kurzer Zeit entstehen konnte, da der Stern erst etwa 2.5 Millionen Jahre alt ist. Es wäre möglich, dass die beiden Planeten sich in der Vergangenheit einmal sehr nahe gekommen sind, wobei der eine herausgeschleudert wurde und so beide Planeten auf ihre derzeitigen extremen Umlaufbahnen gelangten.
    Italiano: Gli astronomi sono a caccia di pianeti in orbita attorno ad altre stelle (esopianeti) impiegando una serie di metodi. Un metodo di successo è il rilevamento diretto; esso è particolarmente efficiente per pianeti su larghe orbite attorno a giovani stelle, poiché la luce riflessa dal pianeta non è sopraffatta dalla luce della stella ospite e quindi esso è più facile da individuare.

    Questa immagine dimostra questa tecnica. Essa mostra una stella T-Tauri chiamata CVSO 30, situata approssimativamente a 1200 anni-luce dalla Terra nel gruppo 25 Orionis (appena a nord ovest della famosa cintura di Orione. Nel 2012 gli astronomi hanno trovato che CVSO 30 ospita un esopianeta (CVSO 30b) usando la tecnica conosciuta come transito, che sfrutta il fatto che la luce osservata della stella diminuisce mentre il pianeta viaggia davanti ad essa. Ora gli astronomi sono tornati a osservare questo sistema usando una serie di telescopi. Lo studio combina osservazioni ottenute con il Very Large Telescope (VLT) di ESO in Cile, il W. M. Keck Observatory alle Hawaii, e il Calar Alto Observatory in Spagna.

    Con questi dati gli astronomi hanno fotografato quello che sembra un secondo pianeta! Per produrre quest’immagine, gli astronomi hanno sfruttato l’astrometria fornita dagli strumenti del VLT NACO e SINFONI.

    Questo nuovo esopianeta, chiamato CVSO 30c, è il piccolo punto in alto a sinistra dell’immagine (la grossa macchia è la stella stessa). Mentre il pianeta conosciuta in precedenza, CVSO 30b, orbita molto vicino alla stella, con un periodo di rotazione di solo 11 ore e una distanza di 0,008 UA, CVSO 30c orbita significativamente più lontano, ad una distanza di 660 UA, impiegando un tempo sconvolgente di 27000 anni per compiere una sola orbita completa. (Per riferimento, il pianeta Mercurio orbita attorno al Sole ad una distanza media di 0,39 UA, mentre Nettuno si trova appena oltre 30 UA.)

    Se fosse confermato che CVSO 30c orbita intorno a CVSO 30, questo sarebbe il primo sistema stellare che ospita contemporaneamente un pianeta vicinissimo, svelato con il metodo del transito e un pianeta lontano, svelato dal rilevamento diretto. Gli astronomi stano ancora esplorando come un tale sistema così esotico abbia potuto formarsi in così poco tempo, perché la stella ha solo 2,5 milioni di anni; è possibile che i due pianeti abbiano interagito ad un certo punto nel passato, alterando vicendevolmente le proprie traiettorie e stabilizzandosi nelle loro orbite estreme.
    Date
    Source https://www.eso.org/public/spain/images/potw1624a/
    Author ESO/Schmidt et al.

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