Fermat point

Fig 1. Construction of the first isogonic center, X(13). When no angle of the triangle exceeds 120°, this point is the Fermat point.

In Euclidean geometry, the Fermat point of a triangle, also called the Torricelli point or Fermat–Torricelli point, is a point such that the sum of the three distances from each of the three vertices of the triangle to the point is the smallest possible or, equivalently, the geometric median of the three vertices. It is so named because this problem was first raised by Fermat in a private letter to Evangelista Torricelli, who solved it.

The Fermat point gives a solution to the geometric median and Steiner tree problems for three points.

Construction

The Fermat point of a triangle with largest angle at most 120° is simply its first isogonic center or X(13), which is constructed as follows:

1. Construct an equilateral triangle on each of two arbitrarily chosen sides of the given triangle.
2. Draw a line from each new vertex to the opposite vertex of the original triangle.
3. The two lines intersect at the Fermat point.

An alternative method is the following:

1. On each of two arbitrarily chosen sides, construct an isosceles triangle, with base the side in question, 30-degree angles at the base, and the third vertex of each isosceles triangle lying outside the original triangle.
2. For each isosceles triangle draw a circle, in each case with center on the new vertex of the isosceles triangle and with radius equal to each of the two new sides of that isosceles triangle.
3. The intersection inside the original triangle between the two circles is the Fermat point.

When a triangle has an angle greater than 120°, the Fermat point is sited at the obtuse-angled vertex.

In what follows "Case 1" means the triangle has an angle exceeding 120°. "Case 2" means no angle of the triangle exceeds 120°.

Location of X(13)

Fig 2. Geometry of the first isogonic center.

Fig. 2 shows the equilateral triangles Template:Math attached to the sides of the arbitrary triangle Template:Math. Here is a proof using properties of concyclic points to show that the three lines Template:Mvar in Fig 2 all intersect at the point Template:Mvar and cut one another at angles of 60°.

The triangles Template:Math are congruent because the second is a 60° rotation of the first about Template:Mvar. Hence Template:Math and Template:Math. By the converse of the inscribed angle theorem applied to the segment Template:Mvar, the points Template:Mvar are concyclic (they lie on a circle). Similarly, the points Template:Mvar are concyclic.

Template:Math, so Template:Math, using the inscribed angle theorem. Similarly, Template:Math.

So Template:Math. Therefore, Template:Math. Using the inscribed angle theorem, this implies that the points Template:Mvar are concyclic. So, using the inscribed angle theorem applied to the segment Template:Mvar, Template:Math. Because Template:Math, the point Template:Mvar lies on the line segment Template:Mvar. So, the lines Template:Mvar are concurrent (they intersect at a single point). Q.E.D.

This proof applies only in Case 2, since if Template:Math, point Template:Mvar lies inside the circumcircle of Template:Math which switches the relative positions of Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar. However it is easily modified to cover Case 1. Then Template:Math hence Template:Math which means Template:Mvar is concyclic so Template:Math. Therefore, Template:Mvar lies on Template:Mvar.

The lines joining the centers of the circles in Fig. 2 are perpendicular to the line segments Template:Mvar. For example, the line joining the center of the circle containing Template:Math and the center of the circle containing Template:Math, is perpendicular to the segment Template:Mvar. So, the lines joining the centers of the circles also intersect at 60° angles. Therefore, the centers of the circles form an equilateral triangle. This is known as Napoleon's Theorem.

Location of the Fermat point

Traditional geometry

Fig 3. Geometry of the Fermat point

Given any Euclidean triangle Template:Math and an arbitrary point Template:Mvar let $d(P)=|PA|+|PB|+|PC|.$ The aim of this section is to identify a point Template:Math such that $d(P_0)<d(P)$ for all $P\ne P_0.$ If such a point exists then it will be the Fermat point. In what follows Template:Math will denote the points inside the triangle and will be taken to include its boundary Template:Math.

A key result that will be used is the dogleg rule, which asserts that if a triangle and a polygon have one side in common and the rest of the triangle lies inside the polygon then the triangle has a shorter perimeter than the polygon:

If Template:Mvar is the common side, extend Template:Mvar to cut the polygon at the point Template:Mvar. Then the polygon's perimeter is, by the triangle inequality:

$\text{perimeter}>|AB|+|AX|+|XB|=|AB|+|AC|+|CX|+|XB|\ge |AB|+|AC|+|BC|.$

Let Template:Mvar be any point outside Template:Math. Associate each vertex with its remote zone; that is, the half-plane beyond the (extended) opposite side. These 3 zones cover the entire plane except for Template:Math itself and Template:Mvar clearly lies in either one or two of them. If Template:Mvar is in two (say the Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar zones’ intersection) then setting $P^{\prime }=A$ implies $d(P^{\prime })=d(A)<d(P)$ by the dogleg rule. Alternatively if Template:Mvar is in only one zone, say the Template:Mvar-zone, then $d(P^{\prime })<d(P)$ where Template:Mvar is the intersection of Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar. So for every point Template:Mvar outside Template:Math there exists a point Template:Mvar in Template:Math such that $d(P^{\prime })<d(P).$

Case 1. The triangle has an angle ≥ 120°.

Without loss of generality, suppose that the angle at Template:Mvar is ≥ 120°. Construct the equilateral triangle Template:Math and for any point Template:Mvar in Template:Math (except Template:Mvar itself) construct Template:Mvar so that the triangle Template:Math is equilateral and has the orientation shown. Then the triangle Template:Math is a 60° rotation of the triangle Template:Math about Template:Mvar so these two triangles are congruent and it follows that $d(P)=|CP|+|PQ|+|QF|$ which is simply the length of the path Template:Mvar. As Template:Mvar is constrained to lie within Template:Math, by the dogleg rule the length of this path exceeds $|AC|+|AF|=d(A).$ Therefore, $d(A)<d(P)$ for all $P\in \mathrm{\Delta },P\ne A.$ Now allow Template:Mvar to range outside Template:Math. From above a point $P^{\prime }\in \mathrm{\Omega }$ exists such that $d(P^{\prime })<d(P)$ and as $d(A)\le d(P^{\prime })$ it follows that $d(A)<d(P)$ for all Template:Mvar outside Template:Math. Thus $d(A)<d(P)$ for all $P\ne A$ which means that Template:Mvar is the Fermat point of Template:Math. In other words, the Fermat point lies at the obtuse-angled vertex.

Case 2. The triangle has no angle ≥ 120°.

Construct the equilateral triangle Template:Math, let Template:Mvar be any point inside Template:Math, and construct the equilateral triangle Template:Math. Then Template:Math is a 60° rotation of Template:Math about Template:Mvar so

$d(P)=|PA|+|PB|+|PC|=|AP|+|PQ|+|QD|$

which shows that the sum of the distances sought is just the length of the path Template:Mvar from A to D along a piecewise linear line. Now we show that if Template:Mvar is chosen to be the isogonic center of Template:Math the path Template:Mvar lies on a straight line - and thus it is minimal. To do this, construct the equilateral triangle Template:Math. Let Template:Math be the point where Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar intersect. By construction, this point is the first isogonic center (see above) of Template:Math. Carry out the same exercise with Template:Math as you did with Template:Mvar, and find the point Template:Math. By the angular restriction Template:Math lies inside Template:Math. Since Template:Math is the isogonic center, Template:Math; by construction Template:Math, therefore Template:Math, Template:Math and Template:Math are aligned on the line from Template:Math to Template:Math. (Also, Template:Math is a 60° rotation of Template:Math about Template:Mvar, so Template:Math must lie somewhere on Template:Mvar). Since Template:Math it follows that Template:Math lies between Template:Math and Template:Mvar. Since the path Template:Math now lies on a straight line, $d(P_0)=|AD|.$ Moreover, if $P\ne P_0$ then either Template:Mvar or Template:Mvar won't lie on Template:Mvar which means $d(P_0)=|AD|<d(P).$ Now allow Template:Mvar to range outside Template:Math. From above a point $P^{\prime }\in \mathrm{\Omega }$ exists such that $d(P^{\prime })<d(P)$ and as $d(P_0)\le d(P^{\prime })$ it follows that $d(P_0)<d(P)$ for all Template:Mvar outside Template:Math. That means Template:Math is the Fermat point of Template:Math. In other words, the Fermat point is coincident with the first isogonic center.

Vector analysis

Let Template:Mvar be any five points in a plane. Denote the vectors $\overrightarrow{OA},\overrightarrow{OB},\overrightarrow{OC},\overrightarrow{OX}$ by Template:Math respectively, and let Template:Math be the unit vectors from Template:Mvar along Template:Math.

$\begin{array}{cc}|𝐚|& =𝐚\mathbf{\cdot }𝐢=(𝐚-𝐱)\mathbf{\cdot }𝐢+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐢\le |𝐚-𝐱|+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐢,\\ |𝐛|& =𝐛\mathbf{\cdot }𝐣=(𝐛-𝐱)\mathbf{\cdot }𝐣+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐣\le |𝐛-𝐱|+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐣,\\ |𝐜|& =𝐜\mathbf{\cdot }𝐤=(𝐜-𝐱)\mathbf{\cdot }𝐤+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐤\le |𝐜-𝐱|+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐤.\end{array}$

Adding Template:Math gives

$|𝐚|+|𝐛|+|𝐜|\le |𝐚-𝐱|+|𝐛-𝐱|+|𝐜-𝐱|+𝐱\cdot (𝐢+𝐣+𝐤).$

If Template:Math meet at Template:Mvar at angles of 120° then Template:Math, so

$|𝐚|+|𝐛|+|𝐜|\le |𝐚-𝐱|+|𝐛-𝐱|+|𝐜-𝐱|$

for all Template:Math. In other words,

$|OA|+|OB|+|OC|\le |XA|+|XB|+|XC|$

and hence Template:Mvar is the Fermat point of Template:Math.

This argument fails when the triangle has an angle Template:Math because there is no point Template:Mvar where Template:Mvar meet at angles of 120°. Nevertheless, it is easily fixed by redefining Template:Math and placing Template:Mvar at Template:Mvar so that Template:Math. Note that Template:Math because the angle between the unit vectors Template:Math is Template:Math which exceeds 120°. Since

$|\mathrm{𝟎}|\le |\mathrm{𝟎}-𝐱|+𝐱\mathbf{\cdot }𝐤,$

the third inequality still holds, the other two inequalities are unchanged. The proof now continues as above (adding the three inequalities and using Template:Math) to reach the same conclusion that Template:Mvar (or in this case Template:Mvar) must be the Fermat point of Template:Math.

Lagrange multipliers

Another approach to finding the point within a triangle, from which the sum of the distances to the vertices of the triangle is minimal, is to use one of the mathematical optimization methods; specifically, the method of Lagrange multipliers and the law of cosines.

We draw lines from the point within the triangle to its vertices and call them Template:Math. Also, let the lengths of these lines be Template:Mvar respectively. Let the angle between Template:Math and Template:Math be Template:Mvar, Template:Math and Template:Math be Template:Mvar. Then the angle between Template:Math and Template:Math is Template:Math. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers we have to find the minimum of the Lagrangian Template:Mvar, which is expressed as:

$L=x+y+z+{\lambda }_1(x^2+y^2-2xy\cos (\alpha )-a^2)+{\lambda }_2(y^2+z^2-2yz\cos (\beta )-b^2)+{\lambda }_3(z^2+x^2-2zx\cos (\alpha +\beta )-c^2)$

where Template:Mvar are the lengths of the sides of the triangle.

Equating each of the five partial derivatives $\frac{\partial L}{\partial x},\frac{\partial L}{\partial y},\frac{\partial L}{\partial z},\frac{\partial L}{\partial \alpha },\frac{\partial L}{\partial \beta }$ to zero and eliminating Template:Math eventually gives Template:Math and Template:Math so Template:Math. However the elimination is a long and tedious business, and the end result covers only Case 2.

Properties

The two isogonic centers are the intersections of three vesicae piscis whose paired vertices are the vertices of the triangle

• When the largest angle of the triangle is not larger than 120°, X(13) is the Fermat point.
• The angles subtended by the sides of the triangle at X(13) are all equal to 120° (Case 2), or 60°, 60°, 120° (Case 1).
• The circumcircles of the three constructed equilateral triangles are concurrent at X(13).
• Trilinear coordinates for the first isogonic center, X(13):

$\begin{array}{cc}& \csc (A+\frac{\pi }{3}):\csc (B+\frac{\pi }{3}):\csc (C+\frac{\pi }{3})\\ & =\sec (A-\frac{\pi }{6}):\sec (B-\frac{\pi }{6}):\sec (C-\frac{\pi }{6}).\end{array}$

• Trilinear coordinates for the second isogonic center, X(14):

$\begin{array}{cc}& \csc (A-\frac{\pi }{3}):\csc (B-\frac{\pi }{3}):\csc (C-\frac{\pi }{3})\\ & =\sec (A+\frac{\pi }{6}):\sec (B+\frac{\pi }{6}):\sec (C+\frac{\pi }{6}).\end{array}$

• Trilinear coordinates for the Fermat point:

$1-u+uvw\sec (A-\frac{\pi }{6}):1-v+uvw\sec (B-\frac{\pi }{6}):1-w+uvw\sec (C-\frac{\pi }{6})$

where Template:Mvar respectively denote the Boolean variables Template:Math.

• The isogonal conjugate of X(13) is the first isodynamic point, X(15):

$\sin (A+\frac{\pi }{3}):\sin (B+\frac{\pi }{3}):\sin (C+\frac{\pi }{3}).$

• The isogonal conjugate of X(14) is the second isodynamic point, X(16):

$\sin (A-\frac{\pi }{3}):\sin (B-\frac{\pi }{3}):\sin (C-\frac{\pi }{3}).$

• The following triangles are equilateral:
  • antipedal triangle of X(13)
  • Antipedal triangle of X(14)
  • Pedal triangle of X(15)
  • Pedal triangle of X(16)
  • Circumcevian triangle of X(15)
  • Circumcevian triangle of X(16)
• The lines X(13)X(15) and X(14)X(16) are parallel to the Euler line. The three lines meet at the Euler infinity point, X(30).
• The points X(13), X(14), the circumcenter, and the nine-point center lie on a Lester circle.
• The line X(13)X(14) meets the Euler line at midpoint of X(2) and X(4).
• The Fermat point lies in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at its own center, and could be any point therein.

Aliases

The isogonic centers X(13) and X(14) are also known as the first Fermat point and the second Fermat point respectively. Alternatives are the positive Fermat point and the negative Fermat point. However these different names can be confusing and are perhaps best avoided. The problem is that much of the literature blurs the distinction between the Fermat point and the first Fermat point whereas it is only in Case 2 above that they are actually the same.

History

This question was proposed by Fermat, as a challenge to Evangelista Torricelli. He solved the problem in a similar way to Fermat's, albeit using the intersection of the circumcircles of the three regular triangles instead. His pupil, Viviani, published the solution in 1659.

See also

• Geometric median or Fermat–Weber point, the point minimizing the sum of distances to more than three given points.
• Lester's theorem
• Triangle center
• Napoleon points
• Weber problem

External links

• Template:Springer
• Fermat Point by Chris Boucher, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
• Fermat-Torricelli generalization at Dynamic Geometry Sketches Interactive sketch generalizes the Fermat-Torricelli point.
• A practical example of the Fermat point