Dynkin system

Template:Short description A Dynkin system, named after Eugene Dynkin, is a collection of subsets of another universal set $\mathrm{\Omega }$ satisfying a set of axioms weaker than those of [[Sigma algebra|Template:Sigma-algebra]]. Dynkin systems are sometimes referred to as Template:Lambda-systems (Dynkin himself used this term) or d-system. These set families have applications in measure theory and probability.

A major application of Template:Lambda-systems is the Template:Pi-Template:Lambda theorem, see below.

Definition

Let $\mathrm{\Omega }$ be a set, and let $D$ be a collection of subsets of $\mathrm{\Omega }$ (that is, $D$ is a subset of the power set of $\mathrm{\Omega }$). Then $D$ is a Dynkin system if

1. $\mathrm{\Omega }\in D;$
2. $D$ is closed under complements of subsets in supersets: if $A,B\in D$ and $A\subseteq B,$ then $B\setminus A\in D;$
3. $D$ is closed under countable increasing unions: if $A_1\subseteq A_2\subseteq A_3\subseteq \cdots$ is an increasing sequence of sets in $D$ then $\bigcup _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{A}_n\in D.$

It is easy to check that any Dynkin system $D$ satisfies:

4. $\varnothing \in D;$
5. $D$ is closed under complements in $\mathrm{\Omega }$: if $A\in D,$ then $\mathrm{\Omega }\setminus A\in D;$
   • Taking $A:=\mathrm{\Omega }$ shows that $\varnothing \in D.$
6. $D$ is closed under countable unions of pairwise disjoint sets: if $A_1,A_2,A_3,\dots$ is a sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in $D$ (meaning that $A_i\cap A_j=\varnothing$ for all $i\ne j$) then $\bigcup _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{A}_n\in D.$
   • To be clear, this property also holds for finite sequences $A_1,\dots ,A_n$ of pairwise disjoint sets (by letting $A_i:=\varnothing$ for all $i>n$).

Conversely, it is easy to check that a family of sets that satisfy conditions 4-6 is a Dynkin class. For this reason, a small group of authors have adopted conditions 4-6 to define a Dynkin system.

An important fact is that any Dynkin system that is also a [[Pi system|Template:Pi-system]] (that is, closed under finite intersections) is a [[Sigma algebra|Template:Sigma-algebra]]. This can be verified by noting that conditions 2 and 3 together with closure under finite intersections imply closure under finite unions, which in turn implies closure under countable unions.

Given any collection $𝒥$ of subsets of $\mathrm{\Omega },$ there exists a unique Dynkin system denoted $D\{𝒥\}$ which is minimal with respect to containing $𝒥.$ That is, if $\tilde{D}$ is any Dynkin system containing $𝒥,$ then $D\{𝒥\}\subseteq \tilde{D}.$ $D\{𝒥\}$ is called the Template:Em For instance, $D\{\varnothing \}=\{\varnothing ,\mathrm{\Omega }\}.$ For another example, let $\mathrm{\Omega }=\{1,2,3,4\}$ and $𝒥=\{1\}$; then $D\{𝒥\}=\{\varnothing ,\{1\},\{2,3,4\},\mathrm{\Omega }\}.$

Sierpiński–Dynkin's π-λ theoremTemplate:Anchor

Sierpiński-Dynkin's Template:Pi-Template:Lambda theorem: If $P$ is a [[Pi-system|Template:Pi-system]] and $D$ is a Dynkin system with $P\subseteq D,$ then $\sigma \{P\}\subseteq D.$

In other words, the Template:Sigma-algebra generated by $P$ is contained in $D.$ Thus a Dynkin system contains a Template:Pi-system if and only if it contains the Template:Sigma-algebra generated by that Template:Pi-system.

One application of Sierpiński-Dynkin's Template:Pi-Template:Lambda theorem is the uniqueness of a measure that evaluates the length of an interval (known as the Lebesgue measure):

Let $(\mathrm{\Omega },ℬ,\ell )$ be the unit interval [0,1] with the Lebesgue measure on Borel sets. Let $m$ be another measure on $\mathrm{\Omega }$ satisfying $m[(a,b)]=b-a,$ and let $D$ be the family of sets $S$ such that $m[S]=\ell [S].$ Let $I:=\{(a,b),[a,b),(a,b],[a,b]:0<a\le b<1\},$ and observe that $I$ is closed under finite intersections, that $I\subseteq D,$ and that $ℬ$ is the Template:Sigma-algebra generated by $I.$ It may be shown that $D$ satisfies the above conditions for a Dynkin-system. From Sierpiński-Dynkin's Template:Pi-Template:Lambda Theorem it follows that $D$ in fact includes all of $ℬ$, which is equivalent to showing that the Lebesgue measure is unique on $ℬ$.

Application to probability distributions

Template:Transcluded section Pi system

See also

• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book