Apportionment in the European Parliament

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Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Politics of the European Union

The apportionment of seats within the European Parliament to each member state of the European Union is set out by the EU treaties. According to European Union treaties, the distribution of seats is "degressively proportional" to the population of the member states, with negotiations and agreements between member states playing a role.[1] Thus the allocation of seats is not strictly proportional to the size of a state's population, nor does it reflect any other automatically triggered or fixed mathematical formula. The process can be compared to the composition of the electoral college used to elect the President of the United States of America in that, pro rata, the smaller state received more places in the electoral college than the more populous states.

After the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020, the number of MEPs, including the president, dropped to 705[2] but since the 2024 election, it increased to 720.[3] The maximum number allowed by the Lisbon Treaty is 751.

Background

When the Parliament was established in 1952 as the 78-member "Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community" the then-three smaller states (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) were concerned about being under-represented and hence they were granted more seats than their population would have allowed. Membership increased to 142 with the Assembly expanded to cover the Economic and Atomic Energy Communities.[4] It then grew further with each enlargement, which each time allowing smaller nations to have greater proportion of seats relative to larger states.

Relative influence of voters from different EU member states (2024 - 2029)[5]

Influence is proportional to seats-to-votes ratio and inversely proportional to Inhabitants to MEPs ratio.

Member state Population MEPs Inhabitants
per MEP 		Influence[6]
Template:AUT 9,104,772 20 455,239 1,37
Template:BEL 11,754,004 22 534,273 1,17
Template:BGR 6,447,710 17 379,277 1,64
Template:HRV 3,850,894 12 320,908 1,94
Template:CYP 920,701 6 153,450 4,06
Template:CZE 10,827,529 21 515,597 1,21
Template:DNK 5,932,654 15 395,510 1,57
Template:EST 1,365,884 7 195,126 3,19
Template:FIN 5,563,970 15 370,931 1,68
Template:FRA 68,070,697 81 840,379 0,74
Template:DEU 84,358,845 96 878,738 0,71
Template:GRC 10,394,055 21 494,955 1,26
Template:HUN 9,597,085 21 457,004 1,36
Template:IRL 5,194,336 14 371,024 1,68
Template:ITA 58,850,717 76 774,352 0,80
Template:LVA 1,883,008 9 209,223 2,98
Template:LTU 2,857,279 11 259,753 2,40
Template:LUX 660,809 6 110,135 5,65
Template:MLT 542,051 6 90,342 6,89
Template:NLD 17,811,291 31 574,558 1,08
Template:POL 36,753,736 53 693,467 0,90
Template:PRT 10,476,366 21 498,446 1,25
Template:ROU 19,051,562 33 577,320 1,08
Template:SVK 5,428,792 15 361,919 1,72
Template:SVN 2,116,792 9 235,199 2,65
Template:ESP 48,059,777 61 787,865 0,79
Template:SWE 10,521,556 21 501,026 1,24
Template:EU 448,387,872 720 622,761 1.00

Nice system (2003 – 2009)

Number of seats plotted against the population of each State (Nice 2007)

The Nice Treaty provided for a maximum of 736 seats. In 2009, with about 500 million EU citizens, this meant that there were on average 670,000 citizens represented by each MEP. Some states divide the electorate for their allocated MEPs into sub-national constituencies. However, they may not be divided in such a way that the system would no longer be proportional.

The 2004 European Parliament election was the first conducted under the Nice Treaty, with 732 seats for the 25 member states.

The 2009 European Parliament election was conducted under the rules included in the Nice Treaty which provided for a maximum number of 736, although that figure had been breached on the accession of new members to the EU, these states being allowed parliamentary representation without a corresponding reduction in the number of MEPs allotted to other member states. This happened in 2007 on the accession of Romania and Bulgaria, when the number of seats temporarily increased to 785. It subsequently returned to 736 in the 2009 election.[4]

Lisbon system (2009 – present)

Under the Lisbon Treaty, which first applied to the 2014 European Parliament election, the cap on the number of seats was raised to 750, with a maximum of 96 and a minimum of 6 seats per state. They continue to be distributed "degressively proportional" to the populations of the EU's member states.[7]

Template:Apportionment in the European Parliament Nice versus Lisbon

There was controversy over the fact that the population figures are based on residents, not citizens, resulting in countries with larger disenfranchised immigrant populations gaining more under Lisbon than those with smaller ones.[8] Italy would have been the greatest loser under the Lisbon system and sought the same number of MEPs as France and the United Kingdom. Italy raised the issue during treaty negotiations and succeeded in gaining one extra MEP (giving it the same as the UK) while the President of the European Parliament would not be counted as a lawmaker hence keeping the number of MEPs to the 750-seat limit.[9]

2011 amendment

In 2011 an amendment, which came into force on 1 December, temporarily increased the Lisbon limit to 754.[10][11][12][13] This allowed member states who gained seats under Lisbon to take them before the 2014 election, while allowing Germany which lost seats under Lisbon to retain them until the 2014 election. This amendment, in effect, institutes a transitional manner of distributing MEPs to take account of the fact that the 2009 European Parliamentary elections took place under the rules contained in the Nice Treaty and not in the Lisbon Treaty. That result means that member state that are to gain seats in parliament under the Lisbon rules may take them, but that Germany which loses three seats under the Lisbon rules keeps those seats until the next elections, due in 2014.[14] As a result, Germany temporarily exceeds the maximum number of MEPs allocatable to a member state under the Lisbon Treaty by having 99 MEPs, three above the intended limit.

2013 amendment

Following the accession of Croatia on 1 July 2013 with 12 extra seats, the apportionment was amended for the 2014 elections,[15] when 12 countries lost one seat (including Croatia itself).

2014 election

Number of seats in EP 2014–2019 versus number of inhabitants, showing difference with proportionality.

From October 2008,[16] MEP Andrew Duff (ALDE, UK) has advocated within the European Parliament for a reform of EU electoral law for the 2014 elections, including the creation of a single constituency of 25 seats in which each European citizen would be entitled to vote on the basis of pan-European lists. He has been nominated rapporteur, as the European Parliament has the right of initiative in this field ruled by unanimity in the Council. After the 2009 election, Duff proposed a new version of his report,[17] which was adopted by the parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) in April 2011. However, the plenary session of the Parliament referred the report back to the AFCO committee in July 2011. A third version of the report[18] was published in September 2011 and adopted by the AFCO committee in January 2012, but was withdrawn before being discussed in plenary in March 2012 for fear that it would likely be turned down.

On 13 March 2013 the European Parliament voted a new proposal updating seat assignments per country for 2014,[15] taking into account demographic changes and bringing the total number of seats back to the nominal 751 enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty. The same document suggests the creation of a formal process "based on objective criteria to be applied in a pragmatic manner" for apportioning seats in future elections.

Apportionment in the European Parliament
Constituency 2007 2009 Dec.

2011[19]

1 July
2013[20] 		A. Duff's
1st prop.
for 2014[21][22] 		A. Duff's 2nd prop.[23] European
Council
Decision
2014[24] 		Population
in 2013[25] 		Population
per MEPs
2014 2019 2024
Pan-European – – – – 25 – – – – – –
Template:Flag 99 99 99 99 96 96 96 96 96 80,523,746 838,789
Template:Flag 78 72 74 74 83 79 83 83 74 65,633,194 886,935
Template:Flag 78 72 73 73 80 76 79 80 73 63,896,071 875,289
Template:Flag 78 72 73 73 78 75 78 78 73 59,685,227 817,606
Template:Flag 54 50 54 54 61 58 61 61 54 46,704,308 864,895
Template:Flag 54 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 38,533,299 755,555
Template:Flag 35 33 33 33 31 31 31 31 32 20,020,074 625,627
Template:Flag 27 25 26 26 25 25 25 25 26 16,779,575 645,368
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 18 20 19 19 21 11,161,642 531,507
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 19 20 19 19 21 11,062,508 526,786
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 18 20 18 18 21 10,516,125 500,768
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 18 20 18 18 21 10,487,289 499,395
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 17 20 18 17 21 9,908,798 471,848
Template:Flag 19 18 20 20 17 18 17 17 20 9,555,893 477,795
Template:Flag 18 17 19 19 16 17 16 16 18 8,451,860 469,548
Template:Flag 18 17 18 18 15 16 14 14 17 7,284,552 428,503
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 13 5,602,628 430,971
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 13 5,426,674 417,436
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 13 5,410,836 416,218
Template:Flag 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 4,591,087 417,372
Template:Flag — — — 12 11 11 11 11 11 4,262,140 387,467
Template:Flag 13 12 12 12 9 10 9 9 11 2,971,905 270,173
Template:Flag 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2,058,821 257,353
Template:Flag 9 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 2,023,825 252,978
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1,324,814 220,802
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 865,878 144,313
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 537,039 89,507
Template:Flag 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 421,364 70,227
total 785 736 754 766 776 751 751 751 751 505,701,172 673,370

2019 election

The EU needed to revise the apportionment of seats in time for the next European Parliament election, expected to be held in May 2019, when the United Kingdom's 73 MEPs may have vacated their seats following Brexit. In April 2017, a group of European lawmakers discussed what should be done about the vacated seats. One plan, supported by Enrico Letta, Gianni Pittella and Emmanuel Macron, was to replace the 73 seats with a pan-European constituency list. Other options which were considered include dropping the British seats without replacement and reassigning some or all of the existing seats from other countries to reduce inequality of representation.[26] A plan to reduce the number of seats to 705 was approved by the Parliament in February 2018. It involves redistributing 27 seats to under-represented members and reserving the remaining 46 for future EU expansions. A proposal by the Constitutional Affairs Committee to create a pan-member constituency was rejected by the Parliament at the same time.[27] The proposed redistribution did not occur due to the Brexit extension until 31 October, and the allocation used was the same as in 2014. After Brexit took legal effect, the seat distribution was decided by the European Council. Those countries which were allocated additional seats elected MEPs who only took office after Brexit had taken effect.

Apportionment in the European Parliament
Country 2007 2009 Dec.

2011[28]

July
2013 		2014 Proposals for 2019 after the
removal of UK seats[26][29] 		Population
Cambridge Compromise Decision
(Feb 2018) 		Change
from 2014 		2017[30] Thousands
per MEP
Minimizing
GiniTemplate:Refn 		Minimizing
malapportionment
Template:Flag 99 99 99 99 96 96 96 96 Template:Nochange 82,521,653 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 78 72 74 74 74 79 96 79 Template:Up +5 66,989,083 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 78 72 73 73 73 – – – Template:Down -73 – –
Template:Flag 78 72 73 73 73 73 89 76 Template:Up +3 60,589,445 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 54 50 54 54 54 57 70 59 Template:Up +5 46,528,024 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 54 50 51 51 51 47 58 52 Template:Up +1 37,972,964 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 35 33 33 33 32 27 33 33 Template:Up +1 19,644,350 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 27 25 26 26 26 24 29 29 Template:Up +3 17,081,507 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 21 18 21 21 Template:Nochange 11,351,727 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 21 17 20 21 Template:Nochange 10,768,193 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 21 17 20 21 Template:Nochange 10,578,820 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 21 16 19 21 Template:Nochange 9,797,561 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 24 22 22 22 21 17 20 21 Template:Nochange 10,309,573 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 19 18 20 20 20 16 19 21 Template:Up +1 9,995,153 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 18 17 19 19 18 15 18 19 Template:Up +1 8,772,865 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 18 17 18 18 17 13 15 17 Template:Nochange 7,101,859 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 13 12 13 14 Template:Up +1 5,748,769 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 13 12 13 14 Template:Up +1 5,503,297 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 14 13 13 13 13 12 13 14 Template:Up +1 5,435,343 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 13 12 12 12 11 11 12 13 Template:Up +2 4,784,383 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag – – – 12 11 10 11 12 Template:Up +1 4,154,213 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 13 12 12 12 11 9 9 11 Template:Nochange 2,847,904 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 9 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 Template:Nochange 1,950,116 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 Template:Nochange 2,065,895 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 Template:Up +1 1,315,635 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 Template:Nochange 854,802 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Template:Nochange 590,667 Template:Rnd
Template:Flag 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Template:Nochange 460,297 Template:Rnd
Total 785 736 754 766 751 639 736 705 Template:Down –46 445,714,098Template:Refn Template:Rnd

2024 election

In February 2023, the AFCO committee of the European Parliament released a draft report (whose rapporteurs are Lóránt Vincze and Sandro Gozi) on the necessary changes to the composition of the European Parliament in order to respect the principle of degressive proportionality (enshrined in the TEU). The draft report suggested a new apportionnement which aimed at respecting the degressive proportionality while also resulting in no loss of seats for any Member State, therefore leading to an expansion in the number of MEPs, from 705 to 716.[31] On 12 June 2023, the report was approved by the AFCO committee, with the apportionment being unchanged compared to the draft report.[32] On 15 June 2023 the report was approved by the EP plenary.[33]

In July 2023, the European Council put forward its own proposed apportionment for the tenth European Parliament, which would add 15 new MEPs and thus take the number of seats from 705 to 720.[34] In this proposal, no Member State would lose any spots in the hemicycle and the countries gaining new seats would be as indicated in the table below under New allocation of seats (final decision for 2024).

On 15 September 2023, the European Parliament approved the apportionment proposed by the Council, with 515 votes in favor, 74 against and 44 abstentions.[3]

Furthermore, this decision envisages the future (before the 2029-2034 parliamentary term) definition of "an objective, fair, durable and transparent seat distribution method implementing the principle of degressive proportionality, without prejudice to the institutions’ prerogatives under the Treaties". [35][36]

Member state Population (2023) MEPs ratio population/seats New allocation of seats (AFCO draft) Change from 2022 (AFCO draft) New ratio population/seats (AFCO draft) New allocation of seats (final decision for 2024)[35] Change from 2022 (final decision for 2024) New ratio population/seats (final decision for 2024)
Template:DEU 84,358,845 96 878,738 96 Template:Nochange 878,738 96 Template:Nochange 878,738
Template:FRA 68,070,697 79 858,767 79 Template:Nochange 861,654 81 Template:Up +2 840,379
Template:ITA 58,850,717 76 774,352 76 Template:Nochange 774,352 76 Template:Nochange 774,352
Template:ESP 48,059,777 59 814,572 61 Template:Up +2 787,865 61 Template:Up +2 787,865
Template:POL 36,753,736 52 706,803 52 Template:Nochange 706,803 53 Template:Up +1 693,467
Template:ROU 19,051,562 33 577,320 33 Template:Nochange 577,320 33 Template:Nochange 577,320
Template:NLD 17,811,291 29 614,182 31 Template:Up +2 574,558 31 Template:Up +2 574,558
Template:BEL 11,754,004 21 559,714 21 Template:Nochange 559,714 22 Template:Up +1 534,273
Template:CZE 10,827,529 21 515,597 21 Template:Nochange 515,597 21 Template:Nochange 515,597
Template:SWE 10,521,556 21 501,026 21 Template:Nochange 501,026 21 Template:Nochange 501,026
Template:PRT 10,467,366 21 498,446 21 Template:Nochange 498,446 21 Template:Nochange 498,446
Template:GRC 10,394,055 21 494,955 21 Template:Nochange 494,955 21 Template:Nochange 494,955
Template:HUN 9,597,085 21 457,004 21 Template:Nochange 457,004 21 Template:Nochange 457,004
Template:AUT 9,104,772 19 479,199 20 Template:Up +1 455,239 20 Template:Up +1 455,239
Template:BGR 6,447,710 17 379,277 17 Template:Nochange 379,277 17 Template:Nochange 379,277
Template:DNK 5,932,654 14 423,761 15 Template:Up +1 395,510 15 Template:Up +1 395,510
Template:FIN 5,563,970 14 397,426 15 Template:Up +1 370,931 15 Template:Up +1 370,931
Template:SVK 5,428,792 14 387,771 15 Template:Up +1 361,919 15 Template:Up +1 361,919
Template:IRL 5,194,336 13 399,564 14 Template:Up +1 371,024 14 Template:Up +1 371,024
Template:HRV 3,850,894 12 320,908 12 Template:Nochange 320,908 12 Template:Nochange 320,908
Template:LTU 2,857,279 11 259,753 11 Template:Nochange 259,753 11 Template:Nochange 259,753
Template:SVN 2,116,792 8 264,599 9 Template:Up +1 235,199 9 Template:Up +1 235,199
Template:LVA 1,883,008 8 235,376 9 Template:Up +1 209,223 9 Template:Up +1 209,223
Template:EST 1,365,884 7 195,126 7 Template:Nochange 195,126 7 Template:Nochange 195,126
Template:CYP 920,701 6 153,450 6 Template:Nochange 153,450 6 Template:Nochange 153,450
Template:LUX 660,809 6 110,135 6 Template:Nochange 110,135 6 Template:Nochange 110,135
Template:MLT 542,051 6 90,342 6 Template:Nochange 90,342 6 Template:Nochange 90,342
Template:EU 448,387,872 705 636,011 716 Template:Up +11 626,240 720 Template:Up +15 622,761

Template:Color box Degressive proportionality breached.

Changes in membership

State Joined
 Population
2006 		Population
2017 		Sep
1952 		Mar
1957 		Jan
1973 		Jun
1979 		Jan
1981 		Jan
1986 		Jun
1994 		Jan
1995 		May
2004 		Jun
2004 		Jan
2007 		Jun
2009 		Dec
2011 		Jul
2013 		Jun
2014 		Feb
2020
Template:DEU 1951 82,428,000 82,521,653 18 36 36 81 81 81 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 96 96
Template:FRA 1951 62,886,000 66,989,083 18 36 36 81 81 81 87 87 87 78 78 72 74 74 74 79
Template:UK 1973 60,422,000 65,808,573   36 81 81 81 87 87 87 78 78 72 73 73 73  
Template:ITA 1951 58,752,000 60,589,445 18 36 36 81 81 81 87 87 87 78 78 72 73 73 73 76
Template:ESP 1986 43,758,000 46,528,024   60 64 64 64 54 54 50 54 54 54 59
Template:POL 2004 38,157,000 37,972,964   54 54 54 50 51 51 51 52
Template:ROU 2007 21,610,000 19,644,350   35 33 33 33 32 33
Template:NLD 1951 16,334,000 17,081,507 10 14 14 25 25 25 31 31 31 27 27 25 26 26 26 29
Template:BEL 1951 10,511,000 11,351,727 10 14 14 24 24 24 25 25 25 24 24 22 22 22 21 21
Template:GRE 1981 11,125,000 10,768,193   24 24 25 25 25 24 24 22 22 22 21 21
Template:CZE 2004 10,251,000 10,578,820   24 24 24 22 22 22 21 21
Template:POR 1986 10,570,000 10,309,573   24 25 25 25 24 24 22 22 22 21 21
Template:SWE 1995 9,048,000 9,995,153   22 22 19 19 18 20 20 20 21
Template:HUN 2004 10,077,000 9,797,561   24 24 24 22 22 22 21 21
Template:AUT 1995 8,266,000 8,772,865   21 21 18 18 17 19 19 18 19
Template:BUL 2007 7,719,000 7,101,859   18 17 18 18 17 17
Template:DEN 1973 5,428,000 5,748,769   10 16 16 16 16 16 16 14 14 13 13 13 13 14
Template:FIN 1995 5,256,000 5,503,297   16 16 14 14 13 13 13 13 14
Template:SVK 2004 5,389,000 5,435,343   14 14 14 13 13 13 13 14
Template:IRL 1973 4,209,000 4,784,383   10 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 13 12 12 12 11 13
Template:HRV 2013 4,443,000 4,154,213   12 11 12
Template:LTU 2004 3,403,000 2,847,904   13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11
Template:SVN 2004 2,003,000 2,065,895   7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
Template:LAT 2004 2,295,000 1,950,116   9 9 9 8 9 9 8 8
Template:EST 2004 1,344,000 1,315,635   6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
Template:CYP 2004 766,000 854,802   6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Template:LUX 1951 460,000 590,667 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Template:MLT 2004 404,000 460,297   5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
Total 494,070,000 511,522,671 78 142 198 410 434 518 567 626 788 732 785 736 754 766 751 705

Source for MEP figures 1952–2004: European Navigator. Source for population figures and MEP figures for 2007 and 2009: European Parliament, full population figures [1]. December 2011 figures reflect the members added to the European Parliament by the Protocol Amending the Protocol on Transitional Provisions (OJ 29.9.2010, C 263, p. 1) which came into force on 1 December 2011. Figures for 2019 follow parliamentary decision of February 2018.[2][3]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Europarl

  1. ↑ Template:Cite conference [PDF file]
  2. ↑ Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite web
  5. ↑ Template:Cite web
  6. ↑ It's based on the medium value 622,761 Inhabitants/MEPs. Formula: 622,761(Inhabitants/MEPs)Memberstate
  7. ↑ Template:Cite web
  8. ↑ Template:Cite web
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ Template:Cite web
  11. ↑ Template:Cite web
  12. ↑ Template:Cite news
  13. ↑ Template:Cite web
  14. ↑ Protocol Amending the Protocol on Transitional Provisions annexed to the Treaty on European Union, to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and to the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ 29.9.2010, C 263, p. 1).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named seats-2014
  16. ↑ Euractiv, MEP: 'Radical' electoral reform 'badly needed' for 2014 13 October 2008
  17. ↑ Europolitics, Célia Sampol, European elections: Andrew Duff proposes creation of transnational list Template:Webarchive 26 April 2010
  18. ↑ Legislative observatory of the European Parliament, Procedure files on the Proposal for a modification of the Act concerning the election of the Members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage of 20 September 1976
  19. ↑ Amendments to the protocol on transitional provisions annexed to the EU treaties ratified on 1 December 2011, according to the European Parliament Press release on the ratification of Parliament's 18 additional MEPs, 1 December 2011
  20. ↑ Accession of Croatia to the EU in compliance with the Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Croatia signed on 9 December 2011
  21. ↑ First proposal by Member of European Parliament Andrew Duff in his draft report entitled Proposal for a modification of the Act concerning the election of the Members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage of 20 September 1976, published on 4 November 2010
  22. ↑ Report of the European Parliament staff, The allocation between the EU member states of seats in the European Parliament – Cambridge Compromise March 2011
  23. ↑ Euractiv, Countries set to lose MEPs as their population shrinks, 11 September 2012
  24. ↑ Official Journal of the European Union, 2013/312/EU: European Council Decision of 28 June 2013 establishing the composition of the European Parliament, 28 June 2013
  25. ↑ Eurostat, as of 1 January 2013; numbers in italic are provisional.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Template:Cite news
  27. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  28. ↑ Amendments to the protocol on transitional provisions annexed to the EU treaties ratified on 1 December 2011, according to the European Parliament Press release on the ratification of Parliament's 18 additional MEPs, 1 December 2011
  29. ↑ "Is Brexit an opportunity to reform the European Parliament?" [pdf]
  30. ↑ Template:Cite web
  31. ↑ Template:Cite web
  32. ↑ Template:Cite web
  33. ↑ Template:Cite web
  34. ↑ Template:Cite web
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Template:Cite web
  36. ↑ Template:Cite web
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