1 Samuel 3

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Template:Short description Template:Bible chapter 1 Samuel 3 is the third chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.Template:Sfn According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[1] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In a section concerning the life of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1–7:17), this chapter focuses on the calling of Samuel.Template:Sfn Gwilym Jones places this passage within "the genre of prophetic-call narratives".Template:Sfn

Text

This chapter was originally written in Hebrew. It is divided into 21 verses. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSamTemplate:Sup; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–4, 18–21.Template:Sfn[2]Template:Sfn[3]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝔊B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝔊A; 5th century).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Old Testament references

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Period

The event in this chapter occurred at the end of the era of biblical judges in Israel, about 1100 BC. Verse 1 treats this time as a period when divine visions were infrequent.[4]

Analysis

Chapter 3 is tied in many ways to chapter 2, with some terms and themes in chapter 2 are repeated or recapitulated in chapter 3:Template:Sfn

Topic 1 Samuel 2 1 Samuel 3
Samuel ministering before the Lord 2:11, 18 3:1
Did not know the Lord 2:12 (Eli's sons) 3:7 (Samuel)
Judgement on Eli's house 2:10, 31 3:11
Eli did not restrain his sons 2:29 (cf. 2:23–24) 3:13
No atonement or mediation 2:25 ("mediate"; "intercede") 3:14 ("never be atoned")
Sacrifice/offering 2:13, 15, 19, 29 3:14
God sent a messenger 2:27–36 (man of God) 3:10–14 (Samuel)

Template:Anchor God calls Samuel (3:1–14)

This section on Samuel's calling is often classified as a "prophetic call narrative", within the tradition of the calling of major prophets (cf. Exodus 3–4; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1:4–10; Ezekiel 1:1–3:16).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In a period when divine visions were infrequent, Samuel received his call-vision, which would remove the seat of power from Eli and his family. While Eli was still presiding for a short period, he instructed Samuel of the right words of response to God's calling (verses 9–10), but after Samuel received God's oracle (verses 11–14), Samuel became more powerful than Eli before the eyes of the people.Template:Sfn

Verse 1

Now the boy Samuel was ministering to the Lord before Eli. And the word of the Lord was rare in those days. There was no vision coming forth.[5]

Template:Anchor Samuel shares his first vision (3:15–21)

"Samuel Relating to Eli the Judgements of God upon Eli's House". Painting by John Singleton Copley (1780)

Samuel's oracle of doom over Eli's house confirms the words of the man of God in 2:27-36: the house of Eli will fall because of the iniquity of his sons and his own inability to admonish them.Template:Sfn Eli accepted God's verdict (verse 18) and that Samuel would become a 'powerful prophet whose words were fulfilled', not only in Shiloh, but throughout the land of Israel (verses 20–21).Template:Sfn[9]

Verse 19

So Samuel grew, and the Lord was with him and let none of his words fall to the ground.[10]

Jones notes that this verse is indicative both of Samuel's own growth to maturity and his accession to power as a prophet.Template:Sfn

Verse 20

And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord.[11]
  • "From Dan even to Beer-sheba" is a phrase regularly used to denote 'the whole land of Israel', first mentioned in Template:Bibleverse, then becoming common in the books of Samuel and only appearing once more after the division of the Kingdoms, that is, after the fall of the northern kingdom (Template:Bibleverse).[12]
  • "Was established": can also be rendered as "was confirmed",[13] "found faithful" or "approved"; from a Hebrew word which in 1 Samuel 2:35 is rendered as 'a faithful priest' and 'a sure house'.[12]

See also

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Notes

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References

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Sources

Commentaries on Samuel

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General

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Template:First Book of Samuel

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
  3. ↑ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  4. ↑ Template:Bibleverse: New American Standard Bible
  5. ↑ Template:Bibleverse: MEV
  6. ↑ 1 Samuel 3:1 Hebrew text analysis. Biblehub
  7. ↑ Strong's Exhaustive Concordance: 5288. naar. Biblehub
  8. ↑ Josephus, Antiquities.5.10.4.
  9. ↑ Benson, Joseph, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments: 1 Samuel 3, accessed 9 July 2019
  10. ↑ Template:Bibleverse: New King James Version
  11. ↑ Template:Bibleverse: KJV
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Samuel 3. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  13. ↑ Note on 1 Samuel 3:20 in the New King James Version
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