Î
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Î, î (i-circumflex) is a letter in the Dobrujan Tatar, Friulian, Kurdish, Tupi, Persian Rumi, and Romanian alphabets and phonetic Filipino. This letter also appears in French, Turkish, Italian, Welsh and Walloon as a variant of the letter “i”.
Afrikaans
In Afrikaans, î is a punctuated form of i: Template:Lang, the plural of Template:Lang ('wedge').
Dobrujan Tatar
Î is the 13th letter of the Dobrujan Tatar alphabet, this letter represents the hight unrounded RTR or hard vowel /ɯ/ as in îşan [ɯʃ̱ɑṉ] 'mouse'. At the end of the word it is pronounced with half open mouth shifting through dilatation "Keñiytúw" to mid unrounded RTR or hard /ɤ/, close to schwa, as in şîlapşî [ʃ̱ɯḻɑp̱ʃ̱ɤ] 'trough'.
French
Template:Main Î is a letter which appears in several French words, like Template:Lang (island), Template:Lang (to be born), Template:Lang (abyss), Template:Lang (master), Template:Lang (fresh), and more. Unlike Â, Ê, and Ô, the circumflex does not alter the pronunciation of î or û.
The circumflex usually denotes the exclusion of a letter (usually an s) that was in a prior version of the word:
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang and then Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang and then Template:Lang.
The 1990 spelling reforms removed the accents if they are not required to distinguish between homonyms and so Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang no longer take the circumflex. [1] Template:Lang, however, (meaning 'your one' as a pronoun) uses the circumflex to distinguish it from Template:Lang (meaning 'your' as a possessive determiner).
Friulian
Î is used to get a longer value of I, becoming Template:IPA. It can be found for example in all verbs of the fourth conjugation: Template:Lang Template:IPA, (to revel). Another use of Î (and also the other long vowels), is due to Latin derivation. Instead of preserving the last vowel, in Friulian it was used to give a longer value to the penultimate vowel, ending the word with a consonant: gliru(m) < Template:Lang, (dormouse), where the ending u disappeared.
Italian
In Italian the circumflex accent is an optional accent. While the accent itself has many uses, with the letter Template:Angbr it is used only while forming the plural of male nouns ending in Template:Nowrap in order to minimize both ambiguity and the stressing of the wrong syllable: Template:Lang Template:IPA (principle) has the plural Template:Lang Template:IPA, and Template:Lang Template:IPA (prince) has Template:Lang Template:IPA as plural. In this situation it can be replaced with a double Template:Angbr (e.g. Template:Lang), with an Template:Angbr followed by a Template:Angbr (e.g. Template:Lang), with a single Template:Angbr (e.g. Template:Lang) or, more simply, with a single Template:Angbr (e.g. Template:Lang). In contemporary usage, the single Template:Angbr is mostly used and the other variants are seen as archaic and overly formal.
Kurdish
Î is the 12th letter of the Kurdish alphabet and represents Template:IPA: Template:Lang (Template:IPA, 'Kurdish language').
Persian
Î is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ي.
Romanian
Î is the 12th letter of the Romanian alphabet and denotes Template:IPA. This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter â. The difference is that â is used in the middle of a word, as in Template:Lang, but î is used at the beginning or the end of a word: Template:Lang (understanding), Template:Lang (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î retains it, even if it is in the middle of the word: Template:Lang (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: Template:Lang (to hate), Template:Lang (hated).
Turkish
In Turkish, î can indicate the Template:IPA sound in Arabic loanwords where it is used as an adjectival suffix that makes an adjective from a noun: askerî (military), millî (national), dâhilî (internal) etc.
Welsh
In Welsh, î is used to represent long stressed i Template:IPA when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short Template:IPA (Template:Lang Template:IPA, the mutated form of "team"), as opposed to Template:Lang Template:IPA "no, nought, nothing".
Other usage
In mathematics
- The letter is sometimes used to denote a unit vector in physics.
Character mappings
See also
- Circumflex
- tab key (Template:Keypress on some systems)