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...mic spacing of 0.154 nm. (Bottom) Graphite crystal structure, depicting an atomic spacing of 0.142 nm.]] ...is space is extremely large compared to the [[nuclear size|size]] of the [[atomic nucleus]], and is related to the [[chemical bond]]s which bind atoms togeth ...

The '''LeRoy radius''', derived by [[Robert J. LeRoy]], defines the internuclear distance betwe LeRoy later defined an expression for the radius that approximates a boundary between the region where electron exchange ([[ ...

...s]] moving at [[relativistic speed]], this is equivalent to the energy per atomic number. It is an important quantity in [[accelerator physics]] and [[astrop ...tic field vectors. The resulting [[circular motion]] of the particle has a radius known as the [[gyroradius]] <math>r_p</math>. The rigidity is then defined ...

...] [[Atomic form factor|form factor]]s, <math>f_\text{e} (q,Z)</math>, from atomic [[X-ray scattering]] form factors, <math>f_x(q,Z)</math>.<ref name=":0">{{C ...on rest [[Electron mass|mass]], <math>a_0</math> is the [[Bohr radius|Bohr Radius]], and <math>f_x(q,Z)</math> is the dimensionless X-ray scattering form fac ...

...first=N. H.|title=Spatially dependent generalization of Kato's theorem for atomic closed shells in a bare Coulomb field|journal=Phys. Rev. A|year=1986|volume ...> Z_k </math> their [[atomic number]] and <math> a_o </math> is the [[Bohr radius]]. ...

In a plasma, atomic levels are broadened and shifted due to the [[Stark effect]], caused by ele Assuming a neutral atomic radiator in a plasma consisting of singly charged ions (and neglecting the ...

==Atomic spectra== ...imental efforts due to their importance for atomic and nuclear physics. If atomic spectra also have [[hyperfine structure]], the shift refers to the [[Centre ...

{{Short description|Ratio of cation radius to anion radius}} ...io of the [[ionic radius]] of the positively charged cation to the [[ionic radius]] of the negatively charged anion in a cation-anion compound. Anions are la ...

{{Short description|Measure of the size of atomic nuclei}} ...mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measured with [[atomic spectroscopy]]. ...

...tion metals]] as due to the ratio of the interatomic distance ''a'' to the radius ''r'' of the ''3d'' [[electron shell]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nitt ...{{cite journal|last1=Slater|first1=J. C.|author-link1=John C. Slater|title=Atomic Shielding Constants|journal=Physical Review|volume=36|issue=1|year=1930|pag ...

...radii ''R''₁ and ''R''₂, respectively, the effective radius is given by ...atic, van der Waals, and hydration forces in electrolyte solutions with an atomic force microscope | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82180-4 | journal = Biophysi ...

...larger and larger radii. If {{math|''B''_''t''}} is the ball of radius {{math|''t''}} centered at the origin, then the density of a packing {{math ...For example, the supply collection may be the set of all balls of a given radius. The '''optimal packing density''' or '''packing constant''' associated wit ...

...cule as a target. The kinetic diameter is not the same as [[atomic radius|atomic diameter]] defined in terms of the size of the atom's [[electron shell]], w :''r'' is the kinetic radius, r = d/2, ...

...t can also cause many problems in materials science applications such as [[atomic-force microscopy]]<ref name="AFM">Weeks, B. L.; Vaughn, M. W.; DeYoreo, J. ...ur much more rapidly, reaching the equilibrium radius of curvature (Kelvin radius) as quickly as possible.<ref name="hunter"/> This dependence on pore geome ...

...el consists of two [[electron]]s trapped on the surface of a [[sphere]] of radius <math>R</math>. It has been used by Berry and collaborators <ref name="Berr The electronic [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian]] in atomic units is ...

! Atomic ! Particle and atomic physics ...

...], the '''fission barrier''' is the [[activation energy]] required for a [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] of an atom to undergo [[Nuclear fission|fission]]. This b ...leus, <math>e</math> is the charge of an electron, <math>R_0</math> is the radius of the undistorted spherical nucleus, <math>S</math> is the surface tension ...

...charges are often separated over a considerable distance (relative to the atomic and molecular sizes), and the contribution to dielectric loss can therefore ...rical particle with a dielectric permittivity <math>\epsilon'_2</math> and radius <math>R</math> suspended in an infinite medium characterized by <math>\epsi ...

| [[Atomic spiral]] ...the circle of radius 1 and the other is the line <math>\theta=a</math>{{r|atomic}} ...

...s may be treated as impurities. But when its concentration exceeds several atomic %, an alloy is formed and the interaction among the added atoms can no long ...ion electrons carrying negative charges are uniformly distributed over any atomic site with equal probability densities and maintain charge neutrality with t ...