Ba space

Template:Short description Template:Lowercase Template:Use shortened footnotes In mathematics, the ba space $ba(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ of an algebra of sets $\mathrm{\Sigma }$ is the Banach space consisting of all bounded and finitely additive signed measures on $\mathrm{\Sigma }$. The norm is defined as the variation, that is $\Vert \nu \Vert =|\nu |(X).$Template:Sfn

If Σ is a sigma-algebra, then the space $ca(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ is defined as the subset of $ba(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ consisting of countably additive measures.Template:Sfn The notation ba is a mnemonic for bounded additive and ca is short for countably additive.

If X is a topological space, and Σ is the sigma-algebra of Borel sets in X, then $rca(X)$ is the subspace of $ca(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ consisting of all regular Borel measures on X.Template:Sfn

Properties

All three spaces are complete (they are Banach spaces) with respect to the same norm defined by the total variation, and thus $ca(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ is a closed subset of $ba(\mathrm{\Sigma })$, and $rca(X)$ is a closed set of $ca(\mathrm{\Sigma })$ for Σ the algebra of Borel sets on X. The space of simple functions on $\mathrm{\Sigma }$ is dense in $ba(\mathrm{\Sigma })$.

The ba space of the power set of the natural numbers, ba(2^N), is often denoted as simply $ba$ and is isomorphic to the dual space of the ℓ^∞ space.

Dual of B(Σ)

Let B(Σ) be the space of bounded Σ-measurable functions, equipped with the uniform norm. Then ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is the continuous dual space of B(Σ). This is due to HildebrandtTemplate:R and Fichtenholtz & Kantorovich.Template:R This is a kind of Riesz representation theorem which allows for a measure to be represented as a linear functional on measurable functions. In particular, this isomorphism allows one to define the integral with respect to a finitely additive measure (note that the usual Lebesgue integral requires countable additivity). This is due to Dunford & Schwartz,Template:Sfn and is often used to define the integral with respect to vector measures,Template:R and especially vector-valued Radon measures.

The topological duality ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is easy to see. There is an obvious algebraic duality between the vector space of all finitely additive measures σ on Σ and the vector space of simple functions ($\mu (A)=\zeta \left(1_A\right)$). It is easy to check that the linear form induced by σ is continuous in the sup-norm if σ is bounded, and the result follows since a linear form on the dense subspace of simple functions extends to an element of B(Σ)* if it is continuous in the sup-norm.

Dual of L^∞(μ)

If Σ is a sigma-algebra and μ is a sigma-additive positive measure on Σ then the Lp space L^∞(μ) endowed with the essential supremum norm is by definition the quotient space of B(Σ) by the closed subspace of bounded μ-null functions:

$N_{\mu }:=\{f\in B(\mathrm{\Sigma }):f=0\mu \text{-almost everywhere}\}.$

The dual Banach space L^∞(μ)* is thus isomorphic to

$N_{\mu }^{\perp }=\{\sigma \in ba(\mathrm{\Sigma }):\mu (A)=0\Rightarrow \sigma (A)=0\text{ for any }A\in \mathrm{\Sigma }\},$

i.e. the space of finitely additive signed measures on Σ that are absolutely continuous with respect to μ (μ-a.c. for short).

When the measure space is furthermore sigma-finite then L^∞(μ) is in turn dual to L¹(μ), which by the Radon–Nikodym theorem is identified with the set of all countably additive μ-a.c. measures. In other words, the inclusion in the bidual

$L^1(\mu )\subset L^1(\mu {)}^{**}=L^{\mathrm{\infty }}(\mu {)}^{*}$

is isomorphic to the inclusion of the space of countably additive μ-a.c. bounded measures inside the space of all finitely additive μ-a.c. bounded measures.

See also

• List of Banach spaces

References

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Further reading

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