Î
Î, î (i-circumflex) is a letter in the Friulian, Kurdish, Tupi, Persian Rumi, and Romanian alphabets and phonetic Filipino. This letter also appears in French, Turkish, Italian, Welsh and Walloon as a variant of the letter “i”.
Afrikaans
In Afrikaans, î is a punctuated form of i: Template:Lang, the plural of Template:Lang ('wedge').
French
Template:Main Î is a letter which appears in several French words, like Template:Lang (to be born), Template:Lang (abyss), Template:Lang (master), Template:Lang (fresh), and more. Unlike Â, Ê, and Ô, the circumflex does not alter the pronunciation of î or û.
The circumflex usually denotes the exclusion of a letter (usually an s) that was in a prior version of the word:
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang and then Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang became Template:Lang and then Template:Lang.
The 1990 spelling reforms removed the accents if they are not required to distinguish between homonyms and so Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang no longer take the circumflex. Template:Lang, however, (meaning 'your one' as a pronoun) uses the circumflex to distinguish it from Template:Lang (meaning 'your' as a possessive determiner).
Friulian
Î is used to get a longer value of I, becoming Template:IPA. It can be found for example in all verbs of the fourth conjugation: Template:Lang Template:IPA, (to revel). Another use of Î (and also the other long vowels), is due to Latin derivation. Instead of preserving the last vowel, in Friulian it was used to give a longer value to the penultimate vowel, ending the word with a consonant: gliru(m) < Template:Lang, (dormouse), where the ending u disappeared.
Italian
In Italian the circumflex accent is an optional accent. While the accent itself has many uses, with the letter "i" it is only used while forming the plural of male nouns ending in Template:Lang in order to minimize both ambiguity and the stressing of the wrong syllable: Template:Lang Template:IPA (principle) has the plural Template:Lang Template:IPA, and Template:Lang Template:IPA (prince) has Template:Lang Template:IPA as plural. In this situation it can be replaced with a double "i" (E.g. "principii" ), with an i followed by a j (E.g. "principij"), with a single j (E.g. "principj") or, more simply, with a single "i" (E.g. "principi"). In contemporary usage, the single "i" is mostly used and the other variants are seen as archaic and overly formal.
Kurdish
Î is the 12th letter of the Kurdish alphabet and represents Template:IPA: Template:Lang (Template:IPA, 'Kurdish language').
Persian
Î is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ي.
Romanian
Î is the 12th letter of the Romanian alphabet and denotes Template:IPA. This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter â. The difference is that â is used in the middle of a word, as in Template:Lang, but î is used at the beginning or the end of a word: Template:Lang (understanding), Template:Lang (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î retains it, even if it is in the middle of the word: Template:Lang (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: Template:Lang (to hate), Template:Lang (hated).
Turkish
In Turkish, î can indicate the Template:IPA sound in Arabic loanwords where it is used as an adjectival suffix that makes an adjective from a noun: askerî (military), millî (national), dâhilî (internal) etc.
Welsh
In Welsh, î is used to represent long stressed i Template:IPA when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short Template:IPA (Template:Lang Template:IPA, the mutated form of "team"), as opposed to Template:Lang Template:IPA "no, nought, nothing".
Filipino
In Tagalog and other Philippine languages, the circumflex, also called as 'Pakupyâ', is used to indicate a (stressed) Glottal stop 'ʔ'.[1] It is however not used in casual text, but used in formal writing and to differentiate between Homographs.
e.g.: 'Pinunò' means 'leader'.
'Pinunô' means 'filled'.
Other usage
In mathematics
- The letter is sometimes used to denote a unit vector in physics.