View source for Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

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{{Redirect-distinguish-text|ᴙ|the [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Я]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{IPA notice}}

The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the [[history of the IPA]], characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is {{angbr IPA|ɷ}} for standard {{IPA|[ʊ]}}. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: {{IPA|ʮ}} for {{IPA|z̩ʷ}} is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series {{IPA|ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ}} has been dropped.

Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used {{angbr IPA|ɿ}} to represent the sound of ''-i'' in [[Pinyin]] ''hanzi'' which has been variously described as {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, {{IPA|[ɹ̩]}}, {{IPA|[z̩]}} or {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. (See the sections [[Standard Chinese phonology#Vowels|''Vowels'']] and [[Standard Chinese phonology#Syllabic consonants|''Syllabic consonants'']] of the article [[Standard Chinese phonology]].)

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] symbols, including affricates such as {{IPA|ƛ}}. Extensions from the Americanist affricate convention of ''c'' = ''ts'' and ''č'' = ''tš'' include ''𝼝'' = ''tʂ'' and ''ɕ'' = ''t𝼞''.

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually [[small capital]]s), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is [[Kabiyé language|Kabiyé]] of northern [[Togo]], which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ. Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʃ (capital {{IPA|ʃ}}) Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ. (See [[Case variants of IPA letters]].)

Capital letters are also used as [[cover symbol]]s in [[Phonotactics|phonotactic]] descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, N=Nasal, S=Sonorant, etc.

This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ({{IPA|[aːː]}} extra-long {{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[ˈˈa]}} extra stress, {{IPA|[kʰʰ]}} strongly aspirated {{IPA|[k]}}, and {{IPA|[a˞˞]}} extra-rhotic {{IPA|[a]}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ladefoged|first1=Peter|last2=Maddieson|first2=Ian|title=Sounds of the World's Languages|date=1996|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|pages=313–314}}</ref>), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ({{IPA|[ᵑɡ]}} slightly prenasalized {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, {{IPA|[ᵗs]}} slightly affricated {{IPA|[s]}}, and {{IPA|[ᵊ]}} [[epenthetic]] schwa). The asterisk, as in {{IPA|[k*]}} for the [[fortis and lenis|fortis]] stop of [[Korean language|Korean]], is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature.

For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet]].

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Obsolete and/or nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
! Symbol or<br />exemplar
! Name
! Meaning
! Standard IPA<br />equivalent
! Notes
|-
| {{IPA|?}}
| [[question mark]]
|[[glottal stop]]
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|typewriter substitution
|-
| {{IPA|7}}
| [[7 (number)|digit seven]]
|[[glottal stop]]
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|typewriter substitution
|-
| {{IPA|'}}
| [[apostrophe]]
|[[glottal stop]]
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|typewriter substitution
|-
| {{IPA|q}}
| [[q]]
|[[glottal stop]]
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
| used in [[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Malayo–Polynesian languages]] transcriptions.
|-
| {{IPA|ɋ}}
| [[q with hook tail]]
|[[bilabial click]]
|{{IPA|ʘ}}
| the [[tenuis]] bilabial click, and basis of digraphs for other bilabial clicks; equivalent to IPA [{{IPAlink|ʘ}}].<ref>Larry Mattes & Donald Omark (1984) ''Speech and language assessment for the bilingual handicapped''. College-Hill Press, San Diego.</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|φ}}
| [[phi|Greek phi]]
| [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɸ}}
| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|ψ}}
| rowspan="4" | [[Psi (Greek)|Greek psi]]
| [[retroflex click]]
| {{IPA|𝼊, ‪‼}}
| used by (Doke 1925), printed as [[File:Latin letter symbol psi (Doke).svg|x16px]].
|-
| [[voiced velar bunched approximant|bunched-r]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̈}}
| proposed by John Laver (1994)
|-
| [[Trill consonant|voiced bilabial fricative trill]]
| {{IPA|ʙ̝}}
| Proposed by Sinologists.<ref>{{cite work|author1=Luo Changpei (罗常培)|author2=Wang Jun (王均)|title=普通语音学纲要 [= Outline of general phonetics]|year=2002|orig-year=1957|publisher=商务印书馆}}</ref>
|-
|voiceless labio-alveolar affricate
|p͡s
|Used by Blench (2008).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniel |first=Gya |url=https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Rigwe/Grammar/Rigwe%20Phonology.pdf |title=Phonology of the Rigwe language |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |date=2008}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ß}}
| [[ß|sharp s]]
| [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
| {{IPA|β}}
| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
|-
| {{IPA|∫}}, {{su|p=⌠|b=⌡}} or<math>\displaystyle \int</math>
| [[integral symbol]]
| [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
|-
| {{IPA|3}}
| [[3|digit three]]
| [[voiced postalveolar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with [[open-mid central unrounded vowel]]
|-
| {{IPA|đ}}
| [[d with stroke]]
| [[voiced dental fricative]]
| {{IPA|ð}}
| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
|-
| {{IPA|þ}}
| [[thorn (letter)|thorn]]
| [[voiceless dental fricative]]
| {{IPA|θ}}
| a mistake
|-
| {{IPA|ƍ}}
| turned [[delta (letter)|delta]]
| [[labialization|labialized]] [[voiced alveolar fricative|voiced alveolar]] or [[voiced dental fricative|dental fricative]]
| {{IPA|zʷ, z͎, ðʷ}}
| intended for the voiced [[whistled sibilant]], ɀ, of [[Shona language|Shona]] and related languages, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]]<ref name=principles>1949 ''Principles of the IPA''</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|σ}}
| [[sigma]]
| [[labialization|labialized]] [[voiceless alveolar fricative|voiceless alveolar]] or [[voiceless dental fricative|dental fricative]]
| {{IPA|sʷ, s͎, θʷ}}
| intended for the voiceless [[whistled sibilant]], ȿ, of [[Shona language|Shona]] and related languages, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]]<ref name=principles/>
|-
| {{IPA|ƺ}}
| [[ezh (letter)|ezh]] with tail
| [[labialization|labialized]] [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative]]
| {{IPA|ʑʷ, ʒᶣ}}
| intended for ''w'' before front vowels in [[Twi]];<ref name=principles/> may also be used for the lightly rounded English {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]].
|-
| {{IPA|ƪ}}
| reversed [[esh (letter)|esh]] with top loop
| [[labialization|labialized]] [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɕʷ, ʃᶣ}}
| intended for ''hw'' before front vowels in [[Twi]];<ref name=principles/> may also be used for the lightly rounded English {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]].
|-
| {{IPA|ƻ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[2|digit two]]
| [[voiced alveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA|d͡z}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]]
|-
| {{IPA|ƾ}} or {{IPA|1=<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">ʢ</span>}}
| turned [[voiced epiglottal trill]] 
| [[voiceless alveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA|t͡s}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|withdrawn 1976]]
|-
| {{IPA|¹ ²}}
| [[subscript or superscript|superscript]] [[1|digit one]] and [[2|two]]
| tonal-stress
| {{IPA|ˈ◌̌ ˈ◌̂}}
| used in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|-
| {{IPA|¹ ² ³ ⁴}}
| [[subscript or superscript|superscript]] [[1|digit one]], [[2|two]], [[3|three]] and [[4|four]]
| Chinese tones
| {{IPA|◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂}} or {{IPA|◌́, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂}} or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or [[Chao tone letter]]s
| used in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] studies
|-
| {{IPA|¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵}}
| [[subscript or superscript|superscript]] [[1|digit one]], [[2|two]], [[3|three]], [[4|four]] and [[5|five]]
| tones
| {{IPA|◌̏ ◌̀ ◌̄ ◌́ ◌̋}} or {{IPA|˩ ˨ ˧ ˦ ˥}}
| variant of IPA tones
|-
| {{IPA|¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁷ ⁸}}
| [[subscript or superscript|superscript]] [[1|digit one]], [[2|two]], [[3|three]], [[4|four]], [[5|five]], [[7|seven]] and [[8|eight]]
| [[Southern Min]] tones
| 
| used in Sinologists of [[languages of Taiwan|Taiwan]] includes [[Hokkien language|Hokkien]]
|-
| {{IPA|ƞ}}
| [[eta]]
| [[Mora (linguistics)|moraic]] nasal
| {{IPA|m}}, {{IPA|n}}, {{IPA|ŋ}}, {{IPA|ɴ̩}}
| Intended for the moraic nasal {{IPA|/N/}} of [[Japanese phonology|Japanese]].<ref name=principles/> [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1979 chart|Withdrawn 1976]]
|-
| {{IPA|◌̡}} ({{IPA|ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ꞕ ᶄ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶆ ᶇ 𝼔 ᶈ ᶉ 𝼕 𝼖 ᶊ ᶋ ƫ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ 𝼘}})
| {{anchor|palatal_hook}} [[palatal hook]]
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]
| {{IPA|bʲ dʲ fʲ ɟ˗ hʲ c̠ lʲ ɬʲ mʲ nʲ ɲ̠ pʲ rʲ ɹʲ ɾʲ sʲ ɕ tʲ vʲ ç˗ zʲ ʑ}}
| Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as [[Russian phonology|Russian]]. [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|Superseded 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|◌̢}}
| {{anchor|retroflex_hook}} [[retroflex hook]]
| [[voiced alveolar approximant|voiced alveolar]] or [[voiced retroflex approximant|retroflex approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ / ɻ}}
| a mistake; an example like /{{IPA|ᶚ}}/ was actually [ʒ͡ɻ]
|-
| {{IPA|◌̢}}
| {{anchor|retroflex_hook}} [[retroflex hook]]
| [[r-colored vowel]]s
| {{IPA|ɝ, ɚ}} or {{IPA|ɜ˞, ə˞}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|Superseded 1989]]; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
|-
| [[File:LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH FISHHOOK.svg|10px]]
| {{anchor|schwa with fishhook}} unstressed central rhotic vowel
| [[r-colored vowel]] in American English
| {{IPA|ɝ, ɚ}} or {{IPA|ɜ˞, ə˞}}
| Proposed in 1934, MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
|-
|{{IPA|ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ}}
|
|[[alveolo-palatal consonant]]s
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}, {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}, and {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}; respectively
|broad transcription; especially Japanologists and Koreanists
|-
|{{IPA|a}}
|[[a]]
|
|any [[open vowel]]
|Often a substitute for {{IPA link|ɑ}} in printing when the distinction between {{IPA link|a}} and {{IPA link|ɑ}} is not needed.
|-
|{{IPA|ɑ}}
|[[Latin alpha]]
|
|any [[open vowel]]
|Often a substitute for {{IPA link|ɑ}} in printing when the distinction between {{IPA link|a}} and {{IPA link|ɑ}} is not needed.
|-
|{{IPA|α}}
|[[Alpha|Greek alpha]]
|[[open back unrounded vowel]]
|{{IPA|ɑ}}
|Old form of ⟨ɑ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [{{IPAlink|ɑ}}] to avoid confusion with italic "small letter a" that written as ⟨ɑ⟩ for [{{IPAlink|a}}].
|-
|<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">{{IPA|α}}</span>
|turned [[Alpha|Greek alpha]]
|[[open back rounded vowel]]
|{{IPA|ɒ}}
|Old form of ⟨ɒ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [{{IPAlink|ɒ}}] to avoid confusion with italic "small turned letter a" that written as ⟨ɒ⟩ for [{{IPAlink|ɐ}}].
|-
| {{IPA|𝽫}} (<span style="{{MirrorH}}">a</span>)
| reversed [[a]]
| [[near-open front unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|æ}}
| Proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988">Henton, C. G. (1988). 5. Individual symbols and diacritics. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 18(02), 85. doi:10.1017/s0025100300003686</ref>
|-
|{{IPA|c}}
|[[c]]
|
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} or sometimes {{IPA link|t͡s}}.
|broad transcription
|-
| [[File:Latin small ligature nv.png|12px]]
| nv ligature
| [[close front rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|y}}
|proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988" />
|-
| {{IPA|ᵿ˞}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] horseshoe u with hook
| back [[sulcalization|sulcal vowel]]
|
|proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988" />
|-
| [[File:W with left hook.svg|15px]]
| [[w]] with left hook
| voiced labial-velar fricative ([[labialization|labialized]] [[voiced velar fricative]])
| {{IPA|ɣʷ}}
|proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988" />
|-
|{{IPA|𝼥 𝼦 𝼧 𝼨 𝼩 𝼪}}
| letters with left-swinging top hook
| [[dental consonant]]s
| {{IPA|d̪ l̪ n̪ r̪ s̪ t̪}}
|proposed in 1989, rejected;<ref name="Henton1988" /> [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] transcriptions
|-
|[[File:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg|16x16px]]
| long-leg [[g]]
| [[voiced velar lateral approximant]]
| {{IPA|ʟ}}
|proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988" />
|-
| {{IPA|ꝣ}}
| hooktop [[ezh (letter)|ezh]]
| [[voiced velar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
|proposed in 1989, rejected<ref name="Henton1988" />
|-
| [[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]
| double-loop [[g]]
| [[voiced velar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| from 1895 to 1900, {{IPA|[q]}} represented that consonant before 1895, {{IPA|[ǥ]}} after 1900
|-
|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]
|double-loop [[g]]
| [[voiced velar plosive]]
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| standard [[Latin characters in Unicode|Unicode Basic Latin]]/[[ASCII]] lower-case <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Charis SIL, Doulos SIL, DejaVu Serif, serif;">g</span> (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. The preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the [[IPA Extensions Unicode block]]. For a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and the single-loop g for {{IPA|[ᶃ] (ɡ̟)}},<ref name="principles" /> but the distinction never caught on. 
|-
|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]
|double-loop [[g]]
| [[voiced postalveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
| used in Arabic transcriptions
|-
| [[File:Opentail g with stroke through tail.svg|8px]]
| single-loop [[g with stroke]]
| [[voiced velar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma {{IPA|[ɣ]}} around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.
|-
|j
|[[j]]
|
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} or sometimes {{IPA link|d͡z}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|ɟ}}
|[[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[Dotless J|dotless small j]] (or turned [[f]] in some fonts)
|
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
|can be written as ⟨<s>ȷ</s>⟩ or ⟨<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">f</span>⟩
|-
| {{IPA|k̫ ɡ̫ m̫ x̫ p̫ ʒ̫ j̫}} ''etc.''
| subscript [[w]]
| [[labialization]]
| {{IPA|kʷ ɡʷ mʷ ʍ pʷ ʒʷ ɥʷ}} ''etc.''
| mark may appear above letters with descenders like {{IPA|[ɡ]}} or {{IPA|[ŋ]}}. [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʆ}}
| [[Palatal hook|curly-tail]] [[esh (letter)|esh]]
| [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| variant, also for Russian ''щ'' (now {{angbr IPA|ɕ}}). [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʓ}}
| [[Palatal hook|curly-tail]] [[ezh (letter)|ezh]]
| [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative]]
| {{IPA|ʑ}}
| variant,  [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ȵ, ȡ, ȶ, ȴ}}
| [[Palatal hook|curly-tail]] n, d, t, l
| [[alveolo-palatal consonant]]s
| {{IPA|n̠ʲ, d̠ʲ, t̠ʲ, l̠ʲ}} or {{IPA|ɲ̟, ɟ˖, c̟, ʎ̟}}
| used by some [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]].
|-
| {{IPA|ř}}
| [[r]] with [[caron|háček]]
| [[Alveolar trill#Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill|voiced strident apico-alveolar trill]]
| {{IPA|r̝}}
| Intended for ''[[ř]]'' in Czech and related languages. {{angbr IPA|ř}} from 1909, replaced by {{angbr IPA|ɼ}} in 1949, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|Withdrawn 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ɼ}}
| long-leg [[r]]
|[[Alveolar trill#Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill|voiced strident apico-alveolar trill]]
|{{IPA|r̝}}
|Intended for ''[[ř]]'' in Czech and related languages. {{angbr IPA|ř}} from 1909, [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|withdrawn 1989]].
|-
| {{IPA|ɼ}}
| long-leg [[r]]
|syllabic [[alveolar trill]]
|{{IPA|r̩}}
|a mistake
|-

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|λ}} ([[File:Latin small letter Lambda.svg|12x12px|link=Lambda]])
| rowspan="2" | [[lambda|Greek lambda]]
| [[voiced palatal lateral approximant]]
| {{IPA|ʎ}}
| a mistake
|-
| [[voiced alveolar lateral affricate]]
| {{IPA|d͡ɮ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ƛ}}
| [[barred lambda]]
| [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]
| {{IPA|t͡ɬ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ł}}
| [[Ł|l with stroke]]
| [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɬ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]], also a typographic substitute
|-
| {{IPA|ł}}
| [[Ł|l with stroke]]
| [[velarization|velarized]] [[voiced alveolar lateral approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɫ}}
| used by Baltic transcriptions
|-
| {{IPA|ᴫ}}
| [[small capital]] [[El (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic el]]
| [[voiced uvular lateral approximant]]
| {{IPA|ʟ̠}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|š č ž}}
| s c z with [[caron|háček]]
| [[postalveolar consonant]]s
| {{IPA|ʃ t͡ʃ ʒ}}; {{IPA|ʂ ʈ͡ʂ ʐ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]], [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|Uralicists]], Semiticists, Slavicists
|-
| {{IPA|ǰ, ǧ, ǯ}}
| j, g, ezh with [[caron|háček]]
| [[voiced postalveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}; {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]], [[Slavic languages|Slavicists]]
|-
| {{IPA|𝼞}}
| 
| [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]], [[Slavic languages|Slavicists]]
|-
| {{IPA|𝼝 ɕ}} or {{IPA|tʂ t𝼞}}
|
| [[voiceless retroflex affricate|voiceless retroflex]] and [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|alveolo-palatal affricate]]
| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]], [[Slavic languages|Slavicists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ć ĺ ń ś ź dź}}
| c l n s z dz with [[acute accent]]
| [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatals]] or [[palatal consonant|palatals]] and [[postalveolar consonant]]s
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ l̠ʲ n̠ʲ ɕ ʑ d͡ʑ}}; {{IPA|t͡ʃ ʎ ɲ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ}}
| used by [[Slavic languages|Slavicists]]
|-
| {{IPA|x, ɣ}}
| [[x]], [[Latin gamma]]
|[[voiceless uvular fricative|voiceless]] and [[voiced uvular fricative]] (or [[voiced uvular approximant]])
|{{IPA|χ, ʁ}} or {{IPA|χ, ʁ̞}}
|broad transcriptions in Hindi, Arabic and Hebrew transcriptions
|-
| {{IPA|ẋ}}
| [[x]] with [[dot (diacritic)|dot]]
| [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
| {{IPA|χ}}
| used by [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanists]]
|-
| {{IPA|X}}
| uppercase [[x]]
| [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
| {{IPA|χ}}
| a mistake
|-
| {{IPA|Y}}
| uppercase [[y]]
| [[voiced labial–palatal approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɥ}}
| a mistake
|-
| [[File:IPA Unicode 0x0264 baby gamma.svg]]
| baby [[gamma]]
| [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɤ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|used from 1921 to 1989]], replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma ; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both [[glyph]]s
|-
| {{IPA|ρ}}
| [[rho]]
| [[bilabial trill]]
| {{IPA|ʙ}}
| common before an official letter was adopted
|-
| {{IPA|ɉ}}
| [[j with stroke|barred j]]
| [[voiced post-palatal approximant]]
| {{IPA|ȷ̈}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|𝼾}} (ɥ̵)
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[turned h]]
| compressed [[voiced post-palatal approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɥ̈}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|𝼿}} (w̶)
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[w]]
| protruded [[voiced post-palatal approximant]]
| {{IPA|ẅ}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|ᵻ / ᵿ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[Ɪ|small capital i]] / [[Ʊ|upsilon]]
| near-close central [[near-close central unrounded vowel|unrounded]] / [[near-close central rounded vowel|rounded]] vowel
| {{IPA|ɪ̈ / ʊ̈, ɨ̞ / ʉ̞, ɘ̝ / ɵ̝, ɪ̠ / ʊ̟}}
| used by some English phoneticians, including the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʚ}}
| closed [[epsilon]]
| [[open-mid front rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|œ}}
| alternate symbol from 1904-1920s<ref name="principles1912">1912 ''Principles of the IPA''</ref>
|-
|{{IPA|ʚ}}
|closed [[epsilon]]
| [[open-mid central rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɞ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1996 update|removed 1996]]
|-
| {{IPA|ɩ}}
| [[Latin iota]]
| [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| longstanding alternate symbol [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|until 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ᵼ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[Latin iota]]
| [[near-close central unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɪ̈, ɨ̞, ɘ̝, ɪ̠}}
| longstanding alternate symbol [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|until 1989]]

|-
| {{IPA|ı}}
| [[Dotless I|dotless small i]]
| [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists.
|-
| {{IPA|ȸ ȹ}}
| db and qp ligatures or footless phi and headless phi
| [[voiced labiodental plosive|voiced]] and [[voiceless labiodental plosive|voiceless]] labiodential plosives
| {{IPA|b̪ p̪}}
| Used by Africanists.
|-
| {{IPA|0}}, {{IPA|0̷}}, or {{IPA|Ø}}
| [[0|digit zero]], [[Empty set|slashed digit zero]] or uppercase [[ø|slashed o]]
| [[null initial]]
| {{IPA|∅}}
| usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and some [[Korean language|Korean]] linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak [[glottal stop]]; the sound value of the [[first consonant]] of syllables started by a vowel. 
|-
| {{IPA|ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ}}
| hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q
| voiceless [[implosive consonant|implosives]]
| {{IPA|ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥}} or {{IPA|pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓}}
| brief additions to the IPA; [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1993 revision|removed 1993]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʇ}}
| [[Ʇ|turned t]]
| [[dental click]]
| {{IPA|ǀ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]; see [[click letters]], but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨{{IPAlink|l}}⟩ (voiced lateral approximant)
|-
| {{IPA|ʗ}}
| stretched (or descended) [[c]]
| [[alveolar click]]
| {{IPA|ǃ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]; see [[click letters]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʗ}}
| stretched (or descended) [[c]]
| [[voiced retroflex flap]]
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| some assumed this symbol was made by combining ⟨ɾ⟩ with ⟨◌̢⟩ and thus was used as the symbol for [[voiced retroflex flap]] ([{{IPAlink|ɽ}}]); ⟨ɽ⟩ assumed as the symbol of [[voiced retroflex trill]] ([{{IPAlink|ɽr}}]).<ref>https://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=299872</ref><ref>https://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=300831</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ʖ}}
| turned [[pharyngeal fricative]]
| [[alveolar lateral click]]
| {{IPA|ǁ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|removed 1989]]; see [[click letters]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʞ}}
| [[Ʞ|turned k]]
| originally a [[palatal click]], reinterpreted as a [[velar click]]
|
| velar articulation was judged impossible.<ref>[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0802b.htm An impossible sound]</ref> later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless [[velodorsal stop]] in the [[extIPA]].<ref name="extipa">{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/extIPA_2016.pdf|title=extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech (Revised to 2015)|accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|𝼋}} (⨎)
| [[esh (letter)|esh]] with two bars
| [[voiced palatal implosive]]
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| old form of ⟨ʄ⟩.
|-
| {{IPA|𝼋}} (⨎)
| [[esh (letter)|esh]] with two bars
| [[fricated palatal click]]
| {{IPA|ǂǂ}} or {{IPA|ǃ͡s}}
| uncommon letter in [[Ekoka !Kung]] transcription
|-
| {{IPA|⦀}}
| triple [[vertical bar]]
| retroflex lateral click
| {{IPA|ǁ˞}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|ȣ}}
| [[ou (ligature)|ou]]
| [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] or [[voiced velar fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɤ}} or {{IPA|ɣ}}
| a common mistake
|-
|{{IPA|r}}
|[[r]]
|[[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|alveolar trill]]
|any rhotic sound (including [[r-colored vowel]]s)
|broad transcription
|-
| {{IPA|ʀ}} or {{IPA|R}}
| [[small capital]] or uppercase [[r]]
| [[Vowel length|long vowel]] or prolonged moraic N
| {{IPA|ː}}
| used by Japanologists. This symbol represents phonemic [[long vowel]] (such as /{{IPA|aʀ}}/) or /{{IPA|aR}}/) or rarely prolonged moraic [[N (kana)|N]] (hatsuon).
|-
| {{IPA|ᴙ}}
| reversed [[small capital]] [[r]]
| voiced [[epiglottal trill]]{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
| {{IPA|ʢ}} or {{IPA|ʀ̠}}
| rare
|-
| {{IPA|ɿ}}
| dotless long i with fishhook
| syllabic [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|denti-alveolar approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̩}},<ref name="ApicalVowel2">{{cite journal |last1=Lee-Kim |first1=Sang-Im |title=Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 2014 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=261–282 |doi=10.1017/S0025100314000267 |s2cid=16432272 }}</ref> {{IPA|ɹ̩, z̩, ◌͡ɯ}}<ref name="ApicalVowel1">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |last2=Zee |first2=Eric |title=Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=June 2003 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]], and by [[Japanese studies|Japanologists]] specifically for the [[Miyako language|Miyako]] and [[Tarama language]]s.
|-
| {{IPA|℩}}
| turned [[iota]]
| syllabic [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|denti-alveolar approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̩}},<ref name="ApicalVowel2">{{cite journal |last1=Lee-Kim |first1=Sang-Im |title=Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 2014 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=261–282 |doi=10.1017/S0025100314000267 |s2cid=16432272 }}</ref> {{IPA|ɹ̩, z̩, ◌͡ɯ}}<ref name="ApicalVowel1">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |last2=Zee |first2=Eric |title=Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=June 2003 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| old form of ⟨ɿ⟩, used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]], and by [[Japanese studies|Japanologists]] specifically for the [[Miyako language|Miyako]] and [[Tarama language]]s.
|-
| {{IPA|ʅ}}
| dotless long i with fishhook and tail
| syllabic [[retroflex approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̩}},<ref name="ApicalVowel2"/> {{IPA|ɻ̩, ʐ̩, ◌͡ɨ}}
| used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]]. See [[Chinese vowel diagram|Chinese vowels]]
|-
|{{IPA|1=<span style="{{MirrorH}}">ʃ</span>}} or {{IPA|1=<span style="{{MirrorH}}">ꭍ</span>}}
|reversed (baseline) [[esh (letter)|esh]]
| syllabic [[retroflex approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̩}},<ref name="ApicalVowel2"/> {{IPA|ɻ̩, ʐ̩, ◌͡ɨ}}
| old form of ⟨ʅ⟩, used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]]. See [[Chinese vowel diagram|Chinese vowels]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʮ}}
| [[turned h]] with fishhook
| labialized syllabic [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|denti-alveolar approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɹ̩ʷ, z̩ʷ, ◌͡u}}
| used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʯ}}
| [[turned h]] with fishhook and tail
| labialized syllabic [[retroflex approximant]]
| {{IPA|ɻ̩ʷ, ʐ̩ʷ, ◌͡ʉ}}
| used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ᴀ}}
| [[small capital]] [[a]]
| [[open central unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}
| used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]]
|-
| <span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">{{IPA|ᴀ}}</span>
| [[small capital]] [[ɐ|turned a]]
| [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɤ}}
| [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet|withdrawn in 1928]].
|-
| {{IPA|ꬰ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[Latin alpha]]
| [[open central unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}
| Proposed by Charles-James N. Bailey in 1976<ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles-James N. |last=Bailey |title=Some additions to the phonetic alphabet |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=6 |number=1 |year=1976 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1017/s002510030000147x |jstor=44525830}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ꜵ}}
| ao ligature
| [[open central unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}
| Used by Leoni & Maturi (2002).<ref>{{cite work|author1=Federico Albano Leoni|author2=Pietro Maturi|title=Manuale di fonetica|publisher=Carocci editore|year=2002|edition=3|orig-year=1995|isbn=88-430-2127-3}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ᴇ}}
| [[small capital]] [[e]]
| [[mid front unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|e̞, ɛ̝}}
| [[Americanist phonetic notation#Bloch & Trager|Bloch & Trager (1942)]]. Used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]] and some [[Korean phonology|Koreanists]]
|-
| {{IPA|ꬳ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[e]]
| [[close-mid central unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɘ}}
| used by [[Teuthonista]]
|-
| {{IPA|ⱻ}}
| [[small capital]] [[Ǝ|turned e]]
| [[mid back unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɤ̞, ʌ̝}}
| used by some [[Korean phonology|Koreanists]] who study [[Gyeongsang dialect]], where there is no [[phonemic differentiation]] between {{IPA|/ʌ/}} ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]] ''eo''; [[Hangul]] ㅓ) and {{IPA|/ɯ/}} (RR ''eu''; Hangul ㅡ).{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɷ}}
| closed [[omega]]
| [[near-close near-back rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| longstanding alternate symbol [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1989 Kiel Convention|until 1989]]
|-
| {{IPA|ω}}
| [[omega]]
| [[near-close near-back unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɯ̽}} or {{IPA|ʊ̜}}
| made from obsolete {{IPA|ɷ}} symbol.
|-
| {{IPA|ω}}
| [[omega]]
| [[near-open back rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɒ̝, ɔ̞}}
| Proposed by [[Americanist phonetic notation#Bloch & Trager|Bloch & Trager (1942)]] and [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sun Hongkai (孙宏开)|author2=Jiang Di (江荻|title=描写中国语言使用的国际音标及附加符号|journal=Minzu Yuwen (民族语文)|volume=1|year=2004|pages=47-52}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ꭥ}}
| small capital [[omega]] 
| [[mid back rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|o̞, ɔ̝}}
| Used by [[Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Sinologists]] and some [[Korean phonology|Koreanists]] ; also [[Americanist phonetic notation#Bloch & Trager|Bloch & Trager (1942)]].
|-
| {{IPA|ꝋ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[o]]
| [[close-mid central rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ɵ}}
| used by [[Teuthonista]]{{refnec|date=January 2025}}; variant shape of ɵ in some early 20th century works.<ref>For example in [[:File:Table of phonetic symbols in Wilhelm Viëtor, Wie ist die Aussprache des Deutschen zu lehren?, 1906, page 14.png|Wilhelm Viëtor, ''Wie ist die Aussprache des Deutschen zu lehren?'', 1906]].</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ᴜ}}
| [[small capital]] [[u]]
| [[near-close near-back rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist notation]]; also shape of ʊ when it was adopted as a symbol in 1898 or early 20th century works.
|-
| {{IPA|ᵾ}}
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] [[small capital]] [[u]]
| [[near-close central rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA|ʊ̈, ʉ̞, ɵ̝, ʊ̟}}
| [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist notation]]
|-
| {{IPA|B G Ɠ H I L Ɬ N Œ R Y}}
| uppercase letters
|[[small caps]]
| {{IPA|ʙ ɢ ʛ ʜ ɪ ʟ 𝼄 ɴ ɶ ʀ ʏ}}
| often mistaken by typing, uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like [[small capital]]s
|-
| {{IPA|ꞯ}}
| [[small capital]] [[q]]
| [[Epiglottal stop|pharyngeal stop]]
| {{IPA|ʡ}}
| proposed for the pharyngeal stop of [[Formosan languages]], [[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|ExtIPA]] for same purpose.
|-
|{{IPA|ꞯ}}
|[[small capital]] [[q]]
| [[sokuon]]
|
| used by Japanologists.
|-
| {{IPA|Q}}
| capital [[Q]]
| [[sokuon]]
|
|used by Japanologists.
|-
|{{IPA|l}}
|[[l]]
|all [[coronal consonant|coronal]] [[liquid consonant]]s.
|
|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists.
|-
| {{IPA|ꞎ 𝼆 𝼄}}
| belted letters
| voiceless lateral fricatives ([[Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative|retroflex]], [[Voiceless palatal lateral fricative|palatal]], and [[Voiceless velar lateral fricative|velar]])
| {{IPA|ɭ̊˔ ʎ̝̊ ʟ̝̊}}
| now in the [[extIPA]]<ref name="extipa" />
|-
|{{IPA|ʎ}}
|turned [[y]]
|[[Palatal lateral approximant|alveolo-palatal lateral approximant]] 
|[{{IPA|ʎ̟}}] or [{{IPA|l̠ʲ}}]
|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists and Sinologists
|-
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
|[[ɲ|n with left hook]]
|[[Palatal nasal|alveolo-palatal nasal]] 
|[{{IPA|ɲ̟}}] or [{{IPA|n̠ʲ}}]
|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists, Sinologists, and Japanologists
|-
| {{IPA|ⱳ}}
| [[w with hook]]
| [[bilabial flap]]
| {{IPA|ⱱ̟}}
|
|-
| 𝼈
| turned [[r]] with long leg and retroflex hook
| [[retroflex lateral flap]]
| {{IPA|ɭ̆}}
|
|-
| ᶘ ᶚ
| esh or ezh with retroflex hook
| retroflex palato-alveolar fricatives
| {{IPA|ʃ͡ɻ}} {{IPA|ʒ͡ɻ}}
| may be impossible to pronounce<ref>{{cite work|first=Peter|last=Constable|year=2004|title=Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04046-retroflex-hook.pdf|page=7}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|ɏ}}
| [[Y with stroke|barred y]]
| [[close central compressed vowel]]
| {{IPA|ÿ}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|{{smallcaps|ɏ}}}}
| [[small capital]] [[Y with stroke|barred y]]
| [[near-close central compressed vowel]]
| {{IPA|ʏ̈}}
|
|-
| ұ
| [[Bar (diacritic)|barred]] straight [[y]] (Cyrillic straight u)
| [[near-close near-back unrounded vowel]]
| [{{IPA|ʊ̜}}] or [{{IPA|ɯ̽}}]
| used in [[Mande languages|Mande]] studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Ginger |last3=Merz |first3=Johannes |last4=Vydrin |first4=Valentin |date=2020 |title=Quantifying written ambiguities in tone languages: A comparative study of Elip, Mbelime, and Eastern Dan |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/40ac318d-3db0-4378-82db-bc0d7395badd |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=14 |issue= |pages=108–138 |hdl=10125/24915  |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| ◌̣
| [[underdot]]
| [[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] or [[r-colored vowel]]s
| {{IPA|ɑ˞}} {{IPA|o˞}} ''etc.''
|
|-
| {{IPA|k'}}, {{IPA|t'}}, etc.
| [[apostrophe]]
| [[no audible release]]
| {{IPA|k̚}}, {{IPA|t̚}}, etc.
| removed
|-
| {{IPA|k'}}, {{IPA|t'}}, etc.
| [[apostrophe]]
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]
| {{IPA|k̟}}, {{IPA|tʲ}}, etc.
| common in [[X-SAMPA]]
|-
| {{IPA|K T}} ''etc.''
| uppercase letters (not [[small capital]]s)
| [[fortis and lenis|fortis]]
| {{IPA|k͈ t͈}}, ''etc.''
| used by some [[Korean phonology|Koreanologists]]
|-
| ɔ̩
|vowel with tilted line below
| lower-pitched rising / falling [[tone contour]]
|
| for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones
|-
| {{IPA|kʻ tʻ}}
| turned [[comma]] above
| weak (sometimes normal) [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]
| {{IPA|k t}} (sometimes {{IPA|kʰ tʰ}})
| First symbol may be [[Quotation mark#Electronic documents|left single quotation mark]] (U+2018) or [[Apostrophe#Unicode|modifier letter apostrophe]] (U+02BC); second symbol may be [[Quotation mark#Electronic documents|single high-reversed-9 quotation mark]] (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)
|-
| {{IPA|ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ꭧ ꭦ ʨ ʥ}}
| [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]]
| [[affricate consonant|affricates]]
| {{IPA|t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ}}
| formerly acceptable variants<ref>{{cite book|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide|first=Geoffrey K.|last=Pullum|author2=William A. Ladusaw|title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide| edition=2nd|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=0-226-68535-7|page=180}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|𝼗 𝼒}}
| [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] with palatal hook
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] [[affricate consonant|affricates]]
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ d͡ʑ}}
| 
|-
| {{IPA|𝼜 𝼙}}
| [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] with [[retroflex hook]]
| retroflex [[affricate consonant|affricates]]
| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ}}
| John Laver used {{IPA|𝼜}} in Polish transcription<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Laver |year=1994 |title=Principles of Phonetics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=560 |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphon0000lave/page/560/mode/1up}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|p′}} {{IPA|s′}} {{IPA|t′}} ''etc.''
| [[Prime (symbol)|prime]]
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]
| {{IPA|pʲ}} {{IPA|sʲ}} {{IPA|tʲ}} ''etc.''
| traditional [[Irish phonology]] transcription
|-
| {{IPA|pʼ}} {{IPA|sʼ}} {{IPA|tʼ}} ''etc.''
| combining [[apostrophe]]
|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]
|{{IPA|pʲ}} {{IPA|sʲ}} {{IPA|tʲ}} ''etc.''
| traditional [[Russian phonology]] transcription
|-
| {{IPA|*}}
| [[asterisk]]
| [[syntactic gemination]]
| (none)
| used in some Italian dictionaries
|-
| {{IPA|˹}}
| open corner
| release/burst
| (none)
| IPA number 490
|-
| {{IPA|d d͡ɮ d͡z l ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ n r ɹ ɾ s t t͡ɬ t͡s z}}
| without diacritics
| [[dental consonant]]s
| {{IPA|d̪ d̪͡ɮ̪ d̪͡z̪ l̪ ɫ̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɺ̪ n̪ r̪ ð̞ ɾ̪ s̪ t̪ t̪͡ɬ̪ t̪͡s̪ z̪}}
| broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /{{IPA|ð̞}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ð̞|ɹ̪}}⟩ for /{{IPA|r}}⁓{{IPA|ɹ}}/
|-
| {{IPA|β ð ʝ ɣ ʁ ʕ}} or {{IPA|e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o}}
| without diacritics
| [[approximant|approximant consonant]]s or [[mid vowel]]s
| {{IPA|β̞ ð̞ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞}} or {{IPA|e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞}}
| broad transcriptions; in Spanish, /{{IPA|j}}/ and /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ʝ̞}}⟩ and ⟨{{IPA link|ɣ̞}}⟩
|-
| {{IPA|ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ}}
| without diacritics
| [[mid vowel]]s
| {{IPA|e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞}}
| broad transcriptions; for example in some languages, /{{IPA|e̞}}/ and /{{IPA|o̞}}/ maybe described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɛ̝}}⟩ and ⟨{{IPA link|ɔ̝}}⟩, also /{{IPA|ə}}/ maybe described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɘ̞}}⟩ or ⟨{{IPA link|ɜ̝}}⟩
|-
| {{IPA|ɪ ʊ a ɒ}}
| without diacritics
| [[central vowel]]s
| {{IPA|ɪ̈ ʊ̈ ä ɒ̈}}
| broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /{{IPA|ä}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɑ̈}}⟩ in English for /{{IPA|ɑ}}/
|-
| {{IPA|c}} or {{IPA|ȼ}}
| c or [[Ȼ|stroked c]]
| [[voiceless alveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| Americanist notation
|-
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| [[ezh]]
| [[voiced alveolar affricate]]
| {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| Americanist notation
|-
| {{IPA|y}}
| [[y]]
| [[voiced palatal approximant]]
| {{IPA link|j}}
| Americanist notation
|-
| {{IPA|ä}}
| [[a]] with [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]]
| [[near-open front unrounded vowel]], [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] or [[open front unrounded vowel]]
| {{IPA link|æ}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}} or {{IPA link|a}}
| Uralicist notation
|-
| {{IPA|ö}}
| [[o]] with [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]]
| [[close-mid front rounded vowel]], [[open-mid front rounded vowel]] or [[mid front rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA link|ø}}, {{IPA link|œ}} or {{IPA link|ø̞}}
| Americanist and Uralicist notation
|-
| {{IPA|ü}}
| [[u]] with [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]]
| [[close front rounded vowel]] or [[near-close near-front rounded vowel]]
| {{IPA link|y}} or {{IPA link|ʏ}}
| Americanist and Uralicist notation
|-
| {{IPA|k’}} {{IPA|t’}} ''etc.''
| [[right single quotation mark]]
| Korean fortis
| {{IPA|k͈}} {{IPA|t͈}} ''etc.''
| used by some [[Korean phonology|Koreanists]] for [[Fortis and lenis|fortis]] sounds; equivalent to {{IPA|⟨k*⟩}}, etc. above.
|-
| {{IPA|◌⸋}}
| box
| unreleased
| {{IPA|◌̚}}
| used where IPA {{IPA|◌̚}} would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the [[Japanese pitch accent]] system
|-
| {{IPA|◌ʱ}}
| Modifier h with hook
| breathy/ voiced aspiration
| {{IPA|◌̤}}
| Equivalent on the IPA
|-
| {{IPA|◌ˀ}}
| Modifier glottal stop
| creaky voice/ glottalization
| {{IPA|◌̰}}
| Equivalent on the IPA
|-
| {{IPA|◌̴}}
| Combining middle tilde
| velarization
| {{IPA|◌ˠ}}
| Equivalent on the IPA
|-
| {{IPA|ˉ◌, ˗◌, ˍ◌}}
| Modifier high, mid and low macron behind
| high, mid and low-level tone or intonation
|
| removed
|-
| {{IPA|˭◌, ₌◌}}
| Modifier high and low equals sign behind
| extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|ˋ◌, ˴◌, ˎ◌}}
| Modifier high, mid and low grave behind
| falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|ˊ◌, ˏ◌}}
| Modifier high and low acute behind
| high rising and low rising tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|ˇ◌, ˬ◌}}
| Modifier high and low caron behind
| high dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|ˆ◌, ꞈ◌}}
| Modifier high and low circumflex behind
| peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|˜◌,  ̰◌}}
| Modifier high and low tilde behind
| "wavy" tone or intonation
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|˙◌, ·◌, .◌}}
| Modifier high, mid and low dot behind
| atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively
|
|removed
|-
| {{IPA|◌́, ◌̂, ◌̀, ◌̆}}
| [[Acute accent]], [[circumflex]], [[grave accent]], [[breve]]
| stress symbols:
primary stress, weakened primary stress, secondary stress, and no stress; respectively
| ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌
| some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists<ref>Trager, George L., and Henry Lee Smith Jr. 1951. ''An Outline of English Structure''. ''Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers 3''. Norman, Okla.: Battenburg Press.</ref> use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols.
|-
| {{IPA|◌̩, ◌̍}}
| Vertical line below or above
| [[Mora (linguistics)|moraic]]
|
| used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents [[Syllabic consonants|syllabic sound]]s, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the [[N (kana)|moraic N]] ([{{IPA|n̩, ɴ̩, ŋ̍ (or ŋ̩), m̩}}]).
|-
| {{IPA|◌̄, ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀}}
| [[Macron (diacritic)|Macron]], [[acute accent]], [[caron]], [[grave accent]]
| Chinese tones
| {{IPA|◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂}} or {{IPA|◌́, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂}} or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or [[Chao tone letter]]s
| used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone.
|}

== See also ==
*[[History of the IPA]]
*[[Americanist phonetic notation]]
*[[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]

== Footnotes or references ==
{{Reflist}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet]]