View source for List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

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[[File:Ssc2003-06g.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Infrared spectrum of [[HH 46/47]] (image in inset), with [[vibrational band]]s of several molecules labelled in colour]]
This is a list of [[molecule]]s that have been detected in the [[interstellar medium]] and [[circumstellar envelope]]s, grouped by the number of component [[atom]]s. The [[chemical formula]] is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

==Background==
[[File:Rotational spectrum example.png|thumb|right|upright=1.33|Idealised example of the rotational spectrum (bottom) produced by transitions between different rotational energy levels (top) of a simple [[linear molecule]]. <math>B</math> is the [[rotational constant]] of the molecule, <math>J</math> is the rotational [[quantum number]], <math>J'</math> is the upper level and <math>J''</math> is the lower level.]]
The molecules listed below were detected through [[astronomical spectroscopy]]. Their spectral features arise because molecules either absorb or emit a [[photon]] of light when they transition between two molecular [[energy levels]]. The energy (and thus the [[wavelength]]) of the photon matches the energy difference between the levels involved. [[Molecular electronic transition]]s occur when one of the molecule's [[electron]]s moves between [[molecular orbitals]], producing a [[spectral line]] in the [[ultraviolet]], [[visible light|optical]] or [[near-infrared]] parts of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. Alternatively, a [[vibrational transition]] transfers [[Quantum|quanta]] of energy to (or from) vibrations of [[molecular bonds]], producing signatures in the mid- or far-[[infrared]]. Gas-phase molecules also have [[rotational transition|quantised rotational levels]], leading to transitions at [[microwave]] or [[radio]] wavelengths.<ref name=shu82/>

Sometimes a transition can involve more than one of these types of energy level e.g. [[ro-vibrational spectroscopy]] changes both the rotational and vibrational energy level. Occasionally all three occur together, as in the Phillips band of C<sub>2</sub> ([[diatomic carbon]]), in which an electronic transition produces a line in the near-infrared, which is then split into several [[vibronic band]]s by a simultaneous change in vibrational level, which in turn are split again into [[rotational spectroscopy|rotational branches]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rotational fine-structure lines of interstellar C<sub>2</sub> toward Zeta Persei |last1=Chaffee |first1=Frederick H. |last2=Lutz |first2=Barry L. |last3=Black |first3=John H. |last4=Vanden Bout |first4=Paul A. |last5=Snell |first5=Ronald L. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=236 |page=474 |year=1980 |bibcode=1980ApJ...236..474C |doi=10.1086/157764}}</ref>

The spectrum of a particular molecule is governed by the [[selection rules]] of [[quantum chemistry]] and by its [[molecular symmetry]]. Some molecules have simple spectra which are easy to identify, whilst others (even some small molecules) have extremely complex spectra with flux spread among many different lines, making them far harder to detect.<ref name=mcguire_review>{{cite journal |bibcode=2018ApJS..239...17M |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/aae5d2 |arxiv=1809.09132 |title=2018 Census of Interstellar, Circumstellar, Extragalactic, Protoplanetary Disk, and Exoplanetary Molecules |year=2018 |last1=McGuire |first1=Brett A. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=239 |issue=2 |page=17 |s2cid=119522774 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Interactions between the atomic nuclei and the electrons sometimes cause further [[hyperfine structure]] of the spectral lines. If the molecule exists in multiple [[isotopologues]] (versions containing different atomic [[isotope]]s), the spectrum is further complicated by [[isotope shift]]s.

Detection of a new interstellar or circumstellar molecule requires identifying a suitable astronomical object where it is likely to be present, then observing it with a [[telescope]] equipped with a [[spectrograph]] working at the required wavelength, [[spectral resolution]] and sensitivity. The first molecule detected in the interstellar medium was the [[methylidyne radical]] (CH<sup>•</sup>) in 1937, through its strong electronic transition at 4300 [[angstroms]] (in the optical).<ref name=woon05/> Advances in [[astronomical instrumentation]] have led to increasing numbers of new detections. From the 1950s onwards, [[radio astronomy]] began to dominate new detections, with [[sub-mm astronomy]] also becoming important from the 1990s.<ref name=mcguire_review/>

The inventory of detected molecules is highly biased towards certain types which are easier to detect. For example, radio astronomy is most sensitive to small linear molecules with a high [[molecular dipole]].<ref name=mcguire_review/> The most common molecule in the Universe, H<sub>2</sub> ([[molecular hydrogen]]), is completely invisible to radio telescopes because it has no dipole;<ref name=mcguire_review/> its electronic transitions are too energetic for optical telescopes, so detection of H<sub>2</sub> required ultraviolet observations with a [[sounding rocket]].<ref name=apj161/> Vibrational lines are often not specific to an individual molecule, allowing only the general class to be identified. For example, the vibrational lines of [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs) were identified in 1984,<ref name="leger_puget">{{cite journal |bibcode=1984A&A...137L...5L |title=Identification of the "unidentified" IR emission features of interstellar dust ? |last1=Leger |first1=A. |last2=Puget |first2=J. L. |author-link2=Jean-Loup Puget |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=1984 |volume=137 |page=L5}}</ref> showing the class of molecules is very common in space,<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2008ARA&A..46..289T |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145211 |title=Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecules |year=2008 |last1=Tielens |first1=A.G.G.M. |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=46 |pages=289–337 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234931}}</ref> but it took until 2021 to identify any specific PAHs through their rotational lines.<ref name=mcguire_pah/><ref name=burkhardt_indene/>

[[File:CW Leonis - HST - Heic2112a.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The carbon star [[CW Leonis]]. The visible shells of circumstellar material were ejected by the central star over thousands of years.]]
One of the richest sources for detecting interstellar molecules is [[Sagittarius B2]] (Sgr&nbsp;B2), a [[giant molecular cloud]] near the centre of the [[Milky Way]]. About half of the molecules listed below were first found in Sgr&nbsp;B2, and many of the others have been subsequently detected there.<ref name=ajss60/> A rich source of circumstellar molecules is [[CW Leonis]] (also known as IRC&nbsp;+10216), a nearby [[carbon star]], where about 50 molecules have been identified.<ref name=kaler2002/> There is no clear boundary between interstellar and circumstellar media, so both are included in the tables below.

The discipline of [[astrochemistry]] includes understanding how these molecules form and explaining their abundances. The extremely low density of the [[interstellar medium]] is not conducive to the formation of molecules, making conventional [[gas-phase]] reactions between neutral species (atoms or molecules) inefficient. Many regions also have very low temperatures (typically 10 [[kelvin]] inside a molecular cloud), further reducing the reaction rates, or high ultraviolet radiation fields, which destroy molecules through [[photochemistry]].<ref name=brown_pais95/> Explaining the observed abundances of interstellar molecules requires calculating the balance between formation and destruction rates using [[gas-phase ion chemistry]] (often driven by [[cosmic ray]]s), [[surface chemistry]] on [[cosmic dust]], [[radiative transfer]] including [[interstellar extinction]], and sophisticated [[Chemical reaction network theory|reaction network]]s.<ref name=pnas103d/> The use of molecular lines to determine the physical properties of astronomical objects is known as [[molecular astrophysics]].
<!-- Please do NOT add discussion of newly discovered molecules here. List them in the tables below instead. -->

==Molecules==
The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium or circumstellar matter, grouped by the number of component [[atom]]s. Neutral molecules and their [[molecular ions]] are listed in separate columns; if there is no entry in the molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. Designations (names of molecules) are those used in the scientific literature describing the detection; if none was given that field is left empty. Mass is listed in [[atomic mass unit]]s. [[Deuterated]] molecules, which contain at least one [[deuterium]] (<sup>2</sup>H) atom, have slightly different masses and are listed in a separate table. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is indicated in each section header.

Most of the molecules detected so far are [[organic molecule|organic]]. The only detected [[inorganic molecule]] with five or more atoms is SiH<sub>4</sub>.<ref name="Klemperer2011"/> Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds.<ref name="Klemperer2011"/>

[[File:Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[Carbon monoxide]] is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in [[molecular cloud]]s.<ref name=caps_ukent/>]]

===Diatomic (43)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|AlCl||[[Aluminium monochloride]]<ref name="aa183"/>
|align="center"|62.5||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|AlF||[[Aluminium monofluoride]]<ref name=apj433/>
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|AlO||[[Aluminium monoxide]]<ref name=apj694/>
|align="center"|43||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Argonium]]<ref name="BarlowEtAl2013"/><ref name="NYT-20131213">{{cite news |last=Quenqua |first=Douglas |title=Noble Molecules Found in Space |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/science/space/noble-molecules-found-in-space.html |date=13 December 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>
|align="center"|37<ref group=note>On Earth, the dominant [[isotope of argon]] is <sup>40</sup>Ar, so ArH<sup>+</sup> would have a mass of 41 amu. However, the interstellar detection was of the <sup>36</sup>ArH<sup>+</sup> [[isotopologue]], which has a mass of 37 amu.</ref>||align="center"|ArH<sup>+</sup>
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>||[[Diatomic carbon]]<ref name=souza1977/><ref name=apj438l/>
|align="center"|24||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Fluoromethylidyne|Fluoromethylidynium]]
|align="center"|31||align="center"|CF<sup>+</sup><ref name=aaa454/>
|-
|align="center"|CH||[[Methylidyne radical]]<ref name="NASA-20161012">{{cite web |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |date=12 October 2016 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=13 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="apj93"/>
|align="center"|13||align="center"|CH<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/>
|-
|align="center"|CN||[[Cyano radical]]<ref name="apj93" /><ref name="apj619f"/><ref name=aaa230/>
|align="center"|26||align="center"|CN<sup>+</sup>,<ref name="dop03"/> CN<sup>−</sup><ref name="AgúndezEtAl2010"/>
|-
|align="center"|CO||[[Carbon monoxide]]<ref name="LAT-20140308" /><ref name="SCI-20140306" />
|align="center"|28||align="center"|CO<sup>+</sup><ref name=apjl419/>
|-
|align="center"|CP||[[Carbon monophosphide]]<ref name=aaa230 />
|align="center"|43||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CS||[[Carbon monosulfide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|FeO||[[Iron(II) oxide]]<ref name=aaa409/>
|align="center"|82||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Helium hydride ion]]<ref name="EG-20190417">{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Christine |title=NASA finally found evidence of the universe's earliest molecule - The elusive helium hydride was found 3,000 light-years away. |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/17/nasa-sofia-detects-helium-hydride/ |date=17 April 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190417">{{cite journal |author=Güsten, Rolf |display-authors=et al. |title=Astrophysical detection of the helium hydride ion HeH+ |date=17 April 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=568 |issue=7752 |pages=357–359 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1090-x |pmid=30996316 |bibcode=2019Natur.568..357G |arxiv=1904.09581 |s2cid=119548024}}</ref>
|align="center"|5||align="center"|HeH<sup>+</sup>
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>||Molecular [[hydrogen]]<ref name=apj161/>
|align="center"|2||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCl||[[Hydrogen chloride]]<ref name=apj295/>
|align="center"|36.5||align="center"|HCl<sup>+</sup><ref name=deluca2012/>
|-
|align="center"|HF||[[Hydrogen fluoride]]<ref name=apjl488/>
|align="center"|20||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HO||[[Hydroxyl radical]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|17||align="center"|OH<sup>+</sup><ref name="WyrowskiEtAl2009"/>
|-
|align="center"|KCl||[[Potassium chloride]]<ref name="aa183" />
|align="center"|75.5||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NH||[[Imidogen|Imidogen radical]]<ref name=apj376m/><ref name=mnras260_2/>
|align="center"|15||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>||Molecular [[nitrogen]]<ref name=spacedaily20040609/><ref name=Nat429/>
|align="center"|28||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NO||[[Nitric oxide]]<ref name=apj359/>
|align="center"|30||align="center"|NO<sup>+</sup><ref name="dop03"/>
|-
|align="center"|NS||[[Mononitrogen monosulfide|Nitrogen sulfide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NaCl||[[Sodium chloride]]<ref name="aa183" />
|align="center"|58.5||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||Magnesium monohydride cation
|align="center"|25.3||align="center"|MgH<sup>+</sup><ref name="dop03"/>
|-
|align="center"|O<sub>2</sub>||[[Molecular oxygen]]<ref name=omol/>
|align="center"|32||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|PN||[[Phosphorus mononitride]]<ref name=tb_pn/><ref name=apj321/>
|align="center"|45||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|PO||[[Phosphorus monoxide]]<ref name=apj666/>
|align="center"|47||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SH||[[Sulfanyl|Sulfur monohydride]]<ref name=apj528/>
|align="center"|33||align="center"|SH<sup>+</sup><ref name="MentenEtAl2011"/>
|-
|align="center"|SO||[[Sulfur monoxide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|48||align="center"|SO<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" />
|-
|align="center"|SiC||[[Silicon carbide|Carborundum]]<ref name="aass226" />
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiN||–<!-- no name used in the paper --><ref name=turner1992/>
|align="center"|42||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiO||[[Silicon monoxide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiS||[[Silicon monosulfide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|60||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|TiO||[[Titanium(II) oxide]]<ref name="KaminskiEtAl2013" />
|align="center"|63.9||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|The [[Protonated molecular hydrogen|{{chem|H|3|+}}]] cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.<ref name=pnas103oka/><ref name=nature384/>]]

===Triatomic (44)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|AlNC||[[Aluminium isocyanide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|53||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|AlOH||[[Hydroxyaluminium(I)|Aluminium hydroxide]]<!-- Not Al(OH)3, also called aluminium hydroxide --><ref name=apj712/>
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>||[[Tricarbon]]<ref name=hinkle1988/><ref name=maier2001/>
|align="center"|36||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H||[[Ethynyl radical]]<ref name="apj619f" />
|align="center"|25||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CCN||[[Cyanomethylidyne]]<ref name="AndersonZiuris2014" />
|align="center"|38||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>O||[[Dicarbon monoxide]]<ref name=apjl380/>
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>S||[[Thioxoethenylidene]]<ref name="alac26"/>
|align="center"|56||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>P||—<ref name=apj677h/>
|align="center"|55||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CO<sub>2</sub>||[[Carbon dioxide]]<ref name=mnras252/>
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
| align="center"|CaNC || [[Calcium isocyanide]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936040 |pmid=31327871 |pmc=6640036 |bibcode=2019A&A...627L...4C |arxiv=1906.09352 |title=Discovery of the first Ca-bearing molecule in space: CaNC |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=627 |pages=L4 |year=2019 |last1=Cernicharo |first1=J. |last2=Velilla-Prieto |first2=L. |last3=Agúndez |first3=M. |last4=Pardo |first4=J. R. |last5=Fonfría |first5=J. P. |last6=Quintana-Lacaci |first6=G. |last7=Cabezas |first7=C. |last8=Bermúdez |first8=C. |last9=Guélin |first9=M.}}</ref>
|align="center"|92||align="center"|—  
|-
|align="center"|FeCN||[[Iron(I) cyanide|Iron cyanide]]<ref name=apjl733_2/>
|align="center"|82||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Trihydrogen cation|Protonated molecular hydrogen]]
|align="center"|3||align="center"|{{chem|H|3|+}}<ref name=pnas103oka/><ref name=nature384/>
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>C||[[Methylene (compound)|Methylene radical]]<ref name=apj438h/>
|align="center"|14||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Halonium ion|Chloronium]]
|align="center"|37.5||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>Cl<sup>+</sup><ref name="LisEtAl2010"/>
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>O||[[Water]]<ref name=es0970429/>
|align="center"|18||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup><ref name="OssenkopfEtAl"/>
|-
|align="center"|HO<sub>2</sub>||[[Hydroperoxyl]]<ref name="PariseEtAl2012"/>
|align="center"|33||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>S||[[Hydrogen sulfide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|34||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCN||[[Hydrogen cyanide]]<ref name="apj619f" /><ref name=apj163/>
|align="center"|27||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNC||[[Hydrogen isocyanide]]<ref name=schilke01/><ref name=apj582/>
|align="center"|27||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCO||[[Formyl radical]]<ref name="apj303"/>
|align="center"|29||align="center"|HCO<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" /><ref name="apj303" /><ref name="apj420"/>
|-
|align="center"|HCP||[[Methylidynephosphane|Phosphaethyne]]<ref name=apj662/>
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCS||[[Thioformyl]]<ref name=hcs_hsc/>
|align="center"|45||align="center"|HCS<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" /><ref name="apj420" />
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Diazenylium]]<ref name="apj420" /><ref name="ptotrsol324" /><ref name=apj387/>
|align="center"|29||align="center"|{{chem|HN|2|+}}
|-
|align="center"|HNO||[[Nitroxyl]]<ref name=hollis91/>
|align="center"|31||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Isoformyl]]
|align="center"|29||align="center"|HOC<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj619f" />
|-
|align="center"|HSC||[[thioformyl|Isothioformyl]]<ref name=hcs_hsc/>
|align="center"|45||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|KCN||[[Potassium cyanide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|65||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|MgCN||[[Magnesium cyanide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|50||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|MgNC||[[Magnesium isocyanide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|50||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>||[[Amino]] radical<ref name=apj416/>
|align="center"|16||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>O||[[Nitrous oxide]]<ref name=apj436/>
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NaCN||[[Sodium cyanide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|49||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NaOH||[[Sodium hydroxide]]<ref name=apjle262/>
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|OCS||[[Carbonyl sulfide]]<ref name=apj245/>
|align="center"|60||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|O<sub>3</sub>||[[Ozone]]<ref name="PhillipsKnapp1980" />
|align="center"|48||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SO<sub>2</sub>||[[Sulfur dioxide]]<ref name="aa130"/>
|align="center"|64||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|''c''-SiC<sub>2</sub>||''c''-[[Silicon carbide#Production|Silicon dicarbide]]<ref
name="aass226" />
|align="center"|52||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiCSi||[[Disilicon carbide]]<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2015" />
|align="center"|68||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiCN||[[Silicon carbonitride]]<ref name=aaa363/>
|align="center"|54||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiNC||<ref name=aaa426/>
|align="center"|54||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|TiO<sub>2</sub>||[[Titanium dioxide]]<ref name="KaminskiEtAl2013"/>
|align="center"|79.9||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[Formaldehyde]] is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.<ref name=prl61/>]]

===Four atoms (30)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>||[[Methyl radical]]<ref name=apj535_2/>
|align="center"|15||align="center"|{{chem2|CH3+}}<ref name="NAT-20230626">{{cite journal |author=Berne, Olivier |display-authors=et al. |title=Formation of the Methyl Cation by Photochemistry in a Protoplanetary Disk |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06307-x |date=26 June 2023 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=621 |issue=7977 |pages=56–59 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06307-x |pmid=37364766 |bibcode=2023Natur.621...56B |s2cid=259260435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230627160651/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06307  |archive-date=27 June 2023  |access-date=27 June 2023 |url-access=subscription |arxiv=2401.03296 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''l''-C<sub>3</sub>H||[[Propynylidyne]]<ref name="mnotrs16"/>
|align="center"|37||align="center"|''l''-C<sub>3</sub>H<sup>+</sup><ref name="PetyEtAl2012"/>
|-
|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H||[[Cyclopropynylidyne]]<ref name=aaa239/>
|align="center"|37||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>N||[[Polyyne|Cyanoethynyl]]<ref name=apj438b/>
|align="center"|50||align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>N<sup>−</sup><ref name=apj677t/>
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>O||[[Tricarbon monoxide]]<ref name="mnotrs16" />
|align="center"|52||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>S||[[Tricarbon sulfide]]<ref name="alac26" />
|align="center"|68||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Hydronium]]
|align="center"|19||align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><ref name=apj380/>
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>||[[Acetylene]]<ref name="nat264"/>
|align="center"|26||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Methylene group|Methylene]] [[amidogen]]<ref name=apj427/>
|align="center"|28||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CN<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" />
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>NC||[[Aminocarbyne]]<ref name=Cabezas2021/>
|align="center"|28||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CO||[[Interstellar formaldehyde|Formaldehyde]]<ref name=prl61/>
|align="center"|30||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CS||[[1,3,5-Trithiane|Thioformaldehyde]]<ref name=aaa244a/>
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCCN||—<ref name=aaa244b/>
|align="center"|39||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCCO||[[Ketenyl]]<ref name="AgundezEtAl2015"/>
|align="center"|41||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[HCNH+|Protonated hydrogen cyanide]]
|align="center"|28||align="center"|[[HCNH+|HCNH<sup>+</sup>]]<ref name="apj420" />
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Protonate]]d [[carbon dioxide]]
|align="center"|45||align="center"|HOCO<sup>+</sup><ref name=apj334m/>
|-
|align="center"|HCNO||[[Fulminic acid]]<ref name=apj690/>
|align="center"|43||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HOCN||[[Isocyanic acid|Cyanic acid]]<ref name="BrünkenEtAl2010"/>
|align="center"|43||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CNCN|| [[Isocyanogen]]<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2018ApJ...861L..22A |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aad089 |pmid=30186588 |pmc=6120679 |arxiv=1806.10328 |title=Discovery of Interstellar Isocyanogen (CNCN): Further Evidence that Dicyanopolyynes Are Abundant in Space |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=861 |issue=2 |pages=L22 |year=2018 |last1=Agúndez |first1=M |last2=Marcelino |first2=N |last3=Cernicharo |first3=J |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|align="center"|52||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HOOH||[[Hydrogen peroxide]]<ref name="BergmanEtAl2011">{{Citation |author1=Bergman |author2=Parise |author3=Liseau |author4=Larsson |author5=Olofsson |author6=Menten |author7=Güsten |title=Detection of interstellar hydrogen peroxide |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117170 |date=2011 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=531 |pages=L8 |arxiv=1105.5799 |postscript= .|bibcode=2011A&A...531L...8B |s2cid=54611741}}</ref>
|align="center"|34||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNCO||[[Isocyanic acid]]<ref name="aa130" />
|align="center"|43||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNCN||[[Cyanomidyl]] radical<ref name=rivilla2021 />
|align="center"|41||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNCS||[[Thiocyanic acid|Isothiocyanic acid]]<ref name=apj234f/>
|align="center"|59||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NH<sub>3</sub>||[[Ammonia]]<ref name="aa138"/>
|align="center"|17||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HSCN||[[Thiocyanic acid]]<ref name=apjl702/>
|align="center"|59||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiC<sub>3</sub>||[[Silicon tricarbide]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />&nbsp;
|align="center"|64||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HMgNC||[[Hydromagnesium isocyanide]]<ref name="CabezasEtAl2013" />&nbsp;
|align="center"|51.3||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNO<sub>2</sub>||[[Nitrous acid]]<ref name=hono/>
|align="center"|47||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg|right|thumb|[[Methane]], the primary component of [[natural gas]], has also been detected on [[comet]]s and in the atmosphere of several [[planet]]s in the [[Solar System]].<ref name=mnras347/>]]

===Five atoms (20)===

{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Ammonium|Ammonium ion]]
|align="center"|18||align="center"|{{chem|NH|4|+}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdms.astro.uni-koeln.de/classic/molecules:ism:ammonium |title=On Ammonium, NH4+, in the ISM |author=H. S. P. Müller |date=2013 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cernicharo |first1=J. |last2=Tercero |first2=B. |last3=Fuente |first3=A. |last4=Domenech |first4=J. L. |last5=Cueto |first5=M. |last6=Carrasco |first6=E. |last7=Herrero |first7=V. J. |last8=Tanarro |first8=I. |last9=Marcelino |first9=N. |last10=Roueff |first10=E. |last11=Gerin |first11=M. |last12=Pearson |first12=J. |title=Detection of the Ammonium Ion in Space |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=18 June 2013 |volume=771 |issue=1 |pages=L10 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/771/1/L10 |arxiv=1306.3364 |bibcode=2013ApJ...771L..10C |s2cid=118461954}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>4</sub>||[[Methane]]<ref name=apj376l/>
|align="center"|16||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>O||[[Methoxy|Methoxy radical]]<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2012"/>
|align="center"|31||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>||[[Cyclopropenylidene]]<ref name="apj619f" /><ref name="precursors"/><ref name="apj552f"/>
|align="center"|38||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|''l''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>||[[Propadienylidene]]<ref name="apj552f" />
|align="center"|38||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CCN||[[Cyanomethyl]]<ref name=apj334i/>
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O||[[Ethenone|Ketene]]<ref name="aa130" />
|align="center"|42||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CNH||[[Methylenimine]]<ref name=apj479/>
|align="center"|29||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HNCNH||[[Carbodiimide]]<ref name="McGuireEtAl2012"/>
|align="center"|42||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Protonate]]d [[formaldehyde]]
|align="center"|31||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>COH<sup>+</sup><ref name=apj471/>
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>4</sub>H||[[Polyyne|Butadiynyl]]<ref name="Ziurys06" />
|align="center"|49||align="center"|C<sub>4</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name=aaa61/>
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>3</sub>N||[[Cyanoacetylene]]<ref name="apj619f" /><ref name="apj420" /><ref name="apj552l" /><ref name="aaa81"/>
|align="center"|51||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCC-NC||[[Isocyanoacetylene]]<ref name=apj386/>
|align="center"|51||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCOOH||[[Formic acid]]<ref name=1971ApJ...163L..41Z/><ref name="apj552l"/>
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Cyanamide]]<ref name=apj201/><ref name=Ligterink2020/>
|align="center"|42||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>OH||[[Hydroxylamine]]<ref name=hydroxylamine/>
|align="center"|37||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Protonate]]d [[cyanogen]]
|align="center"|53||align="center"|NCCNH<sup>+</sup><ref name=aanda579/>
|-
|align="center"|HC(O)CN||Cyanoformaldehyde<ref name=apj675/>
|align="center"|55||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>||[[Carbon|Linear C<sub>5</sub>]]<ref name=bernath89/>
|align="center"|60||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiC<sub>4</sub>||Graphene#Silicon carbide|Silicon-carbide cluster<ref name="aass226" />
|align="center"|92||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|SiH<sub>4</sub>||[[Silane]]<ref name=apj279/>
|align="center"|32||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Formamide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|In the ISM, [[formamide]] (above) can combine with [[methylene radical|methylene]] to form [[acetamide]].<ref name="apj643hl"/>]]

===Six atoms (16)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+
|-
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|''c''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>O||[[Cyclopropenone]]<ref name=apj643hr/>
|align="center"|54||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|E-HNCHCN||E-[[Cyanomethanimine]]<ref name="ZaleskiEtAl2013"/>
|align="center"|54||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>||[[Ethylene]]<ref name="apj244" />
|align="center"|28||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CN||[[Acetonitrile]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="apj632"/><ref name="Alma 2015">{{cite news |url=http://astrobiology.com/2015/04/complex-organic-molecules-discovered-in-infant-star-system.html |title=Complex Organic Molecules Discovered in Infant Star System |work=NRAO |publisher=Astrobiology Web |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref>
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>NC||[[Methyl isocyanide]]<ref name="apj632" />
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OH||[[Methanol]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref>[http://astrobiology.com/2016/06/first-detection-of-methyl-alcohol-in-a-planet-forming-disc.html First Detection of Methyl Alcohol in a Planet-forming Disc]. 15 June 2016.</ref>
|align="center"|32||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>SH||[[Methanethiol]]<ref name=apj234l/>
|align="center"|48||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|''l''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub>||[[Diacetylene]]<ref name="Cernicharo_546"/>
|align="center"|50||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|—||[[Protonate]]d [[cyanoacetylene]]
|align="center"|52||align="center"|HC<sub>3</sub>NH<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj420" />
|-
|align="center"|HCONH<sub>2</sub>||[[Formamide]]<ref name="apj643hl" />
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HOCOOH||[[Carbonic acid]]<ref>{{cite journal
 | title=Discovery of the Elusive Carbonic Acid (HOCOOH) in Space
 | last1=Sanz-Novo | first1=Miguel | last2=Rivilla | first2=Víctor M.
 | last3=Jiménez-Serra | first3=Izaskun | last4=Martín-Pintado | first4=Jesús
 | last5=Colzi | first5=Laura | last6=Zeng | first6=Shaoshan
 | last7=Megías | first7=Andrés | last8=López-Gallifa | first8=Álvaro
 | last9=Martínez-Henares | first9=Antonio | last10=Massalkhi | first10=Sarah
 | last11=Tercero | first11=Belén | last12=de Vicente | first12=Pablo
 | last13=Martín | first13=Sergio | last14=San Andrés | first14=David
 | last15=Requena-Torres | first15=Miguel A. 7| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | display-authors=1
 | arxiv=2307.08644 | date=July 2023 | volume=954 | issue=1 | page=3 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ace523 | bibcode=2023ApJ...954....3S | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|align="center"| ||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>H||[[Polyyne|Pentynylidyne]]<ref name="alac26" />
|align="center"|61||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>N||[[Cyanobutadiynyl radical]]<ref name="GuelinEtAl98"/>
|align="center"|74||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>2</sub>CHO||[[Propynal]]<ref name=apj335/>
|align="center"|54||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>4</sub>N||—<ref name="Ziurys06" />&nbsp;
|align="center"|63||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CNH||[[Ketenimine]]<ref name="precursors" />
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>S||—<ref name="Agundez+2014" />
|align="center"|92||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[Acetaldehyde]] (above) and its [[isomer]]s [[Ethenol|vinyl alcohol]] and [[ethylene oxide]] have all been detected in interstellar space.<ref name="rnao011001"/>]]

===Seven atoms (13)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O||[[Ethylene oxide]]<ref name="boaas29"/>
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H||[[Propyne|Methylacetylene]]<ref name="apj619f" />
|align="center"|40||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>CNH<sub>2</sub>||[[Methylamine]]<ref name=apj198/>
|align="center"|31||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CHCN||[[Acrylonitrile]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="apj632" />
|align="center"|53||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HCCCHNH||Propargylimine<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bizzocchi |first1=L. |last2=Prudenzano |first2=D. |last3=Rivilla |first3=V. M. |last4=Pietropolli-Charmet |first4=A. |last5=Giuliano |first5=B. M. |last6=Caselli |first6=P. |author6-link=Paola Caselli |last7=Martín-Pintado |first7=J. |last8=Jiménez-Serra |first8=I. |last9=Martín |first9=S. |last10=Requena-Torres |first10=M. A. |last11=Rico-Villas |first11=F. |date=2020-08-01 |title=Propargylimine in the laboratory and in space: millimetre-wave spectroscopy and its first detection in the ISM |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/08/aa38083-20/aa38083-20.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=640 |pages=A98 |arxiv=2006.08401 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202038083 |bibcode=2020A&A...640A..98B |s2cid=219687234 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>
|align="center"|53||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CHCOH||[[Vinyl alcohol]]<ref name="rnao011001" />
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>6</sub>H||[[Hexatriynyl radical]]<ref name="alac26" />
|align="center"|73||align="center"|C<sub>6</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name="apj552f" /><ref name=apj652/>
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>4</sub>CN||[[Cyanopolyyne|Cyanodiacetylene]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="aaa81" /><ref name="apj632" />
|align="center"|75||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>4</sub>NC||[[Isocyanodiacetylene]]<ref name=hc4nc/>
|align="center"|75||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>5</sub>O||—<ref name=hc5o/>
|align="center"|77||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CHO||[[Acetaldehyde]]<ref name="boaas29" />
|align="center"|44||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>NCO||[[Methyl isocyanate]]<ref name="apj812" />
|align="center"|57||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|HOCH<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Glycolonitrile]]<ref name=glyconitrile/>
|align="center"|57||align="center"|—
|}

[[File:Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|The radio signature of [[acetic acid]], a compound found in [[vinegar]], was confirmed in 1997.<ref name="acetic_acid"/>]]

===Eight atoms (14)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>CC<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Polyyne|Methylcyanoacetylene]]<ref name="aj637" />
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Propargyl cyanide]]<ref name=propargyl_cyanide/>
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>COHCHO||[[Glycolaldehyde]]<ref name=hollis2000/>
|align="center"|60
|-
|align="center"|(CHOH)<sub>2</sub>||[[Enediol|1,2-ethenediol]]<ref name="ethenediol"/>
|align="center"|60
|-
|align="center"|HCOOCH<sub>3</sub>||[[Methyl formate]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="apj552l" />
|align="center"|60
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>COOH||[[Acetic acid]]<ref name="acetic_acid" />
|align="center"|60
|-
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>||[[Polyyne|Hexapentaenylidene]]<ref name="Cernicharo_546" />
|align="center"|74
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CHCHO||[[Acrolein|Propenal]]<ref name="precursors" />
|align="center"|56
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CCHCN||[[Cyanoallene]]<ref name="precursors" /><ref name="aj637"/>
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CHNH||[[Ethanimine]]<ref name="LoomisEtAl13" />
|align="center"|43
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>||[[Vinylamine]]<ref name=Zeng2021/>
|align="center"|43
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>7</sub>H||[[Heptatrienyl]] radical<ref name=aaa317/>
|align="center"|85
|-
|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Aminoacetonitrile]]<ref name=aaa482/>
|align="center"|56
|-
|align="center"|(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO||[[Urea]]<ref name="RemijanEtAl2014"/>
|align="center"|60
|}

===Nine atoms (10)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H||[[Polyyne|Methyldiacetylene]]<ref name="aj643"/>
|align="center"|64||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>||[[Dimethyl ether]]<ref name=apj191/>
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN||[[Propionitrile]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="apj632" />
|align="center"|55||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>||[[Acetamide]]<ref name="precursors" /><ref name="apj643hl" /><ref name=Ligterink2020/>
|align="center"|59||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH||[[Ethanol]]<ref name=apj196/>
|align="center"|46||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|C<sub>8</sub>H||[[Octatetraynyl radical]]<ref name=aaa309/>
|align="center"|97||align="center"|C<sub>8</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name=apj664b/><ref name=apj664r/>
|-
|align="center"|HC<sub>7</sub>N||[[Polyyne|Cyanohexatriyne]] or [[Polyyne|Cyanotriacetylene]]<ref name="aa138" /><ref name="bell_483"/><ref name=apj219/>
|align="center"|99||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>||[[propylene|Propylene (propene)]]<ref name=apj665/>
|align="center"|42||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>SH||[[Ethyl mercaptan]]<ref name="KolesnikovaEtAl2014"/>
|align="center"|62||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>NHCHO||[[N-methylformamide]]<ref name=Ligterink2020/>
|align="center"| ||align="center"|
|}

{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220
|image1=Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png
|alt1=Diacetylene, HCCCCH
|image2=Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png
|alt2=Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3
|image3=Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png
|alt3=Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN
|footer=A number of [[polyyne]]-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.
}}

===Ten or more atoms (23)===
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!style="width: 2em;"|Atoms!!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation!!style="width: 4em;"|Mass!!style="width: 8em;"|Ions
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO||[[Acetone]]<ref name="aa130" /><ref name=apj578/>
|align="center"|58||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub>||[[Ethylene glycol]]<ref name="HollisEtAl2002"/><ref name="Hollis"/>
|align="center"|62||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHO||[[Propionaldehyde|Propanal]]<ref name="precursors" />
|align="center"|58||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>OH||[[Methoxymethanol]]<ref name=methoxymethanol/>
|align="center"|62||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>5</sub>N||[[Cyanopolyyne|Methylcyanodiacetylene]]<ref name="precursors" />
|align="center"|89||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>O || [[Propylene oxide]]<ref name=science352/>
|align="center"|58||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|11|| align="center" |NH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH||[[Ethanolamine]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rivilla |first1=Víctor M. |last2=Jiménez-Serra |first2=Izaskun |last3=Martín-Pintado |first3=Jesús |last4=Briones |first4=Carlos |last5=Rodríguez-Almeida |first5=Lucas F. |last6=Rico-Villas |first6=Fernando |last7=Tercero |first7=Belén |last8=Zeng |first8=Shaoshan |last9=Colzi |first9=Laura |last10=Vicente |first10=Pablo de |last11=Martín |first11=Sergio |date=2021-06-01 |title=Discovery in space of ethanolamine, the simplest phospholipid head group |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=22 |arxiv=2105.11141 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101314118 |pmc=8179234 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=34031247|bibcode=2021PNAS..11801314R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|align="center"|61||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|11||align="center"|HC<sub>8</sub>CN||[[Cyanopolyyne|Cyanotetraacetylene]]<ref name="bell_483" />
|align="center"|123||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|11||align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCHO||[[Ethyl formate]]<ref name="arxiv4694"/>
|align="center"|74||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|11||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub>||[[Methyl acetate]]<ref name="TerceroEtAl2013"/>
|align="center"|74||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|11||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H||[[Polyyne|Methyltriacetylene]]<ref name="precursors" /><ref name="aj643" />
|align="center"|88||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|12||align="center"|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>||[[Benzene]]<ref name="Cernicharo_546" />
|align="center"|78||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|12||align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>CN||[[Butyronitrile|''n''-Propyl cyanide]]<ref name="arxiv4694" />
|align="center"|69||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|12||align="center"| (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCN || [[Isopropyl cyanide|''iso''-Propyl cyanide]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Eyre |first=Michael |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29368984 |title=Complex organic molecule found in interstellar space |work=BBC News |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=2014-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Detection of a branched alkyl molecule in the interstellar medium: iso-propyl cyanide |journal=Science |date=26 September 2014 |last1=Belloche |first1=Arnaud |last2=Garrod |first2=Robin T. |last3= Müller |first3=Holger S. P. |last4=Menten |first4=Karl M. |volume=345 |issue=6204 |pages=1584–1587 |doi=10.1126/science.1256678 |pmid=25258074 |arxiv=1410.2607 |bibcode=2014Sci...345.1584B |s2cid=14573206}}</ref>
|align="center"|69||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|13||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH||[[2-methoxyethanol]]<ref name="fried2024" />
|align="center"|76||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|13||align="center"|{{chem|C|6|H|5|CN}}|| [[Benzonitrile]]<ref name=benzonitrile/>
|align="center"|104||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|13||align="center"|HC<sub>10</sub>CN||[[Cyanopolyyne|Cyanopentaacetylene]]<ref name="bell_483" />
|align="center"|147||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|17||align="center"|C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>8</sub>||[[Indene]]<ref name=burkhardt_indene />
|align="center"|116||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|19||align="center"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>7</sub>CN||[[cyanonaphthalene|1-cyanonaphthalene]]<ref name=mcguire_pah />
|align="center"|153||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|19||align="center"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>7</sub>CN||[[cyanonaphthalene|2-cyanonaphthalene]]<ref name=mcguire_pah />
|align="center"|153||align="center"|—
|-
|align="center"|60||align="center"|C<sub>60</sub>||[[Buckminsterfullerene|Buckminsterfullerene<br/>(C<sub>60</sub> fullerene)]]<ref name=science20100722/>||align="center"|720||align="center"|{{chem|C|60|+}}<ref name=Foing1994/><ref name=cam15/><ref name=Berne2012/>
|-
|align="center"|70||align="center"|C<sub>70</sub>||[[C70 fullerene|C<sub>70</sub> fullerene]]<ref name=science20100722/>||align="center"|840||align="center"|—
|}

==Deuterated molecules (22)==
These molecules all contain one or more [[deuterium]] atoms, a heavier [[isotope]] of [[hydrogen]].
{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!Atoms!!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation
|-
|align="center"|2||HD||[[Hydrogen deuteride]]<ref name=aaa430/><ref name="pass50"/>
|-
|align="center"|3||H<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup>, {{chem|HD|2|+}}||[[Trihydrogen cation]]<ref name=aaa430/><ref name="pass50"/>
|-
|align="center"|3||HDO,&nbsp;D<sub>2</sub>O||[[Heavy water]]<ref name=ajss70/><ref name=apj659/>
|-
|align="center"|3||DCN||[[Hydrogen cyanide]]<ref name="apj225"/>
|-
|align="center"|3||DCO||[[Interstellar formaldehyde#Interstellar reactions|Formyl radical]]<ref name="apj225" />
|-
|align="center"|3||DNC||[[Hydrogen isocyanide]]<ref name="apj225" />
|-
|align="center"|3||N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup>||—<ref name="apj225" />&nbsp;
|-
|align="center"|3||NHD, ND<sub>2</sub>||[[Amidogen]]<ref name=melosso2020 />&nbsp;
|-
|align="center"|4||NH<sub>2</sub>D,&nbsp;NHD<sub>2</sub>,&nbsp;ND<sub>3</sub>||[[Ammonia]]<ref name="pass50" /><ref name=apj571/><ref name=aaa403/>
|-
|align="center"|4||HDCO,&nbsp;D<sub>2</sub>CO||[[Formaldehyde]]<ref name="pass50" /><ref name=apj362/>
|-
|align="center"|4||DNCO || [[Isocyanic acid]]<ref name="formamide">{{cite journal |title=The ALMA-PILS survey: First detections of deuterated formamide and deuterated isocyanic acid in the interstellar medium |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=590 |pages=L6 |date=9 May 2016 |last=Coutens |first=A. |arxiv=1605.02562 |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2016A&A...590L...6C |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628612 |s2cid=32878172}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|5||NH<sub>3</sub>D<sup>+</sup>||[[Ammonium|Ammonium ion]]<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2013" /><ref name="DomenechEtAl2013"/>
|-
|align="center"|6|| {{chem|NH|2|CDO}}; NHDCHO || [[Formamide]]<ref name="formamide"/>
|-
|align="center"|7||CH<sub>2</sub>DCCH,&nbsp;CH<sub>3</sub>CCD||[[Methylacetylene]]<ref name=aaa253/><ref name=apj627/>
|}

==Unconfirmed (15)==
Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in the scientific literature, but the detections either are described as tentative by the authors, or have been challenged by other researchers. They await independent confirmation.

{{Sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!Atoms!!style="width: 6em;"|Molecule!!style="width: 16em;"|Designation
|-
|align="center"|2||align="center"|SiH||[[Silylidine]]<ref name=schilke01/>
|-
|align="center"|4||align="center"|PH<sub>3</sub>||[[Phosphine]]<ref name="AgúndezEtAl2008"/>
|-
|align="center"|4||align="center"|MgCCH||[[Magnesium monoacetylide]]<ref name="Agundez+2014" />
|-
|align="center"|4||align="center"|NCCP||[[Cyanophosphaethyne]]<ref name="Agundez+2014" />
|-
|align="center"|5||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup>||—<ref name="GuptaEtAl2013"/>
|-
|align="center"|6||align="center"|SiH<sub>3</sub>CN||[[Silyl cyanide]]<ref name="Agundez+2014"/>
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>COOH||[[Glycine]]<ref name=apj619s/><ref name=apj593/>
|-
|align="center"|10||align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>||[[Ethylamine]]<ref name=Zeng2021/>
|-
|align="center"|12||align="center"|CO(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub>||[[Dihydroxyacetone]]<ref name=apjl624/><ref name=apponi2006/>
|-
|align="center"|12||align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>||[[Methoxyethane|Ethyl methyl ether]]<ref name="FuchsEtAl2005"/>
|-
|align="center"|18||align="center"|{{chem|C|10|H|8|+}}||[[Naphthalene]] cation<ref name=apjl685/>
|-
|align="center"|24||align="center"|C<sub>24</sub>||[[Graphene]]<ref name="García-HernándezEtAl2011"/>
|-
|align="center"|24||align="center"|C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>||[[Anthracene]]<ref name="Battersby">{{cite news |last=Battersby |first=S. |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4552-space-molecules-point-to-organic-origins.html |title=Space molecules point to organic origins |publisher=[[New Scientist]] |date=2004 |access-date=11 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=arxiv1005.4388/>
|-
|align="center"|26||align="center"|C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub>||[[Pyrene]]<ref name="Battersby" />
|-
|align="center"|27||align=center|C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||[[Tryptophan]]<ref name=IglesiasGroth2023/><ref name=Hudson2023/><ref name=Dhariwal2024/>
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Astrochemistry]]
* [[Cosmic dust]]
* [[Diffuse interstellar band]]
* [[Lists of molecules]]
* [[Molecular astrophysics]]
* [[Molecular spectroscopy]]
* [[Molecules in stars]]
* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)]]
* [[Tholin]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

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<ref name="ethenediol">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Rivilla |first1=Víctor M. |last2=Colzi |first2=Laura |last3=Jiménez-Serra |first3=Izaskun |last4=Martín-Pintado |first4=Jesús |last5=Megías |first5=Andrés |last6=Melosso |first6=Mattia |last7=Bizzocchi |first7=Luca |last8=López-Gallifa |first8=Álvaro |last9=Martínez-Henares |first9=Antonio |last10=Massalkhi |first10=Sarah |last11=Tercero |first11=Belén |last12=de Vicente |first12=Pablo |last13=Guillemin |first13=Jean-Claude |last14=García de la Concepción |first14=Juan |last15=Rico-Villas |first15=Fernando |last16=Zeng |first16=Shaoshan |last17=Martín |first17=Sergio |last18=Requena-Torres |first18=Miguel A. |last19=Tonolo |first19=Francesca |last20=Alessandrini |first20=Silvia |last21=Dore |first21=Luca |last22=Barone |first22=Vincenzo |last23=Puzzarini |first23=Cristina |title=Precursors of the RNA World in Space: Detection of (Z)-1,2-ethenediol in the Interstellar Medium, a Key Intermediate in Sugar Formation |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |date=1 April 2022 |volume=929 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac6186|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022ApJ...929L..11R|arxiv=2203.14728}}</ref>

<ref name="fried2024">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Fried |first1=Zachary T. P. |last2=El-Abd |first2=Samer J. |last3=Hays |first3=Brian M. |last4=Wenzel |first4=Gabi |last5=Byrne |first5=Alex N. |last6=Margulès |first6=Laurent |last7=Motiyenko |first7=Roman A. |last8=Shipman |first8=Steven T. |last9=Horne |first9=Maria P. |last10=Jørgensen |first10=Jes K. |last11=Brogan |first11=Crystal L. |last12=Hunter |first12=Todd R. |last13=Remijan |first13=Anthony J. |last14=Lipnicky |first14=Andrew |last15=Loomis |first15=Ryan A. |last16=McGuire |first16=Brett A. |title=Rotational Spectrum and First Interstellar Detection of 2-methoxyethanol Using ALMA Observations of NGC 6334I |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |date=1 April 2024 |volume=965 |issue=2 |page=L23 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad37ff |doi-access=free |arxiv=2403.17341 |bibcode=2024ApJ...965L..23F }}</ref>

<ref name=Dhariwal2024>{{Cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Dhariwal |first1=Aditya |last2=Speak |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Zeng |first3=Linshan |last4=Rashidi |first4=Amirhossein |last5=Moore |first5=Brendan |last6=Berné |first6=Olivier |last7=Remijan |first7=Anthony J. |last8=Schroetter |first8=Ilane |last9=McGuire |first9=Brett A. |last10=Rivilla |first10=Víctor M. |last11=Belloche |first11=Arnaud |last12=Jørgensen |first12=Jes K. |last13=Djuricanin |first13=Pavle |last14=Momose |first14=Takamasa |last15=Cooke |first15=Ilsa R. |date=June 2024 |title=On the Origin of Infrared Bands Attributed to Tryptophan in Spitzer Observations of IC 348 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=968 |issue=1 |pages=L9 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad4d9a |doi-access=free |arxiv=2405.16773 |bibcode=2024ApJ...968L...9D |issn=2041-8205 |quote=there is no compelling evidence for the tryptophan assignment}}</ref>

<ref name=IglesiasGroth2023>{{cite journal |last=Iglesias-Groth |first=S. |date=August 2023 |title=A search for tryptophan in the gas of the IC 348 star cluster of the Perseus molecular cloud |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=523 |issue=2 |pages=2876–2886 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.523.2876I |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=Hudson2023>{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/526/3/4051/7310867 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad3058|doi-access=free |title=Interstellar tryptophan revisited |date=2023 |last1=Hudson |first1=Reggie L. |volume=526 |issue=3 |pages=4051–4053 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.526.4051H |quote=there is no firm support for the tryptophan assignment}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{cite web | last=Woon | first=David E. | date=October 1, 2010 | url=http://www.astrochymist.org/astrochymist_ism.html | title=Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules | access-date=2010-10-04 }}
* {{cite web | publisher=[[Universität zu Köln]] | date=April 2022 | url=https://cdms.astro.uni-koeln.de/classic/molecules | title=Molecules in Space | access-date=2022-05-25}}
* {{cite web | last=Dworkin  | first=Jason P. | date=February 1, 2007 | url=http://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/691/cosmicice/interstellar.html | title=Interstellar Molecules | publisher=NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab | access-date = 2010-12-23 }}
* {{cite web | last=Wootten | first=Al | date=November 2005 | url=http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~awootten/allmols.html | title=The 129 reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules | publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory | access-date=2007-02-13 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Lovas, F. J. |author2=Dragoset, R. A. |date=February 2004 |url=http://www.physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Micro/Html/contents.html |title=NIST Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecular Microwave Transitions, 2002 Revision |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume=33 |issue=1 |page=177 |access-date=2007-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201185607/http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/micro/index.cfm |archive-date=2013-02-01  |bibcode=2004JPCRD..33..177L |doi=10.1063/1.1633275}}
*{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David A. |last2=Cecchi-Pestellini |first2=Cesare |title=Astrochemistry: Chemistry in Interstellar and Circumstellar Space |date=8 February 2023 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=978-1-83916-939-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

{{Molecules detected in outer space}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules}}
[[Category:Astrochemistry]]
[[Category:Chemistry-related lists|Molecules in interstellar space]]
[[Category:Interstellar media]]
[[Category:Molecules]]