View source for Î

{{short description|Latin letter I with circumflex}}
[[File:Latin_letter_I_with_circumflex.svg|thumb|Latin letter I with circumflex]]
'''Î''', '''î''' ([[i]]-[[circumflex]]) is a letter in the [[Friulian alphabet|Friulian]], [[Kurdish alphabet|Kurdish]], [[Tupi language|Tupi]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian Rumi]], and [[Romanian alphabet]]s and [[Filipino phonology|phonetic Filipino]]. This letter also appears in [[French language|French]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Walloon language|Walloon]] as a variant of the letter “i”.

==Afrikaans==
In [[Afrikaans]], î is a punctuated form of i: ''{{lang|af|wîe}}'', the plural of ''{{lang|af|wig}}'' ('wedge').
[[File:IwithCircumflex.png|thumb|[[Doulos SIL]] glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule î.]]

==French==
{{main|Circumflex in French}}
Î is a letter which appears in several French words, like ''{{lang|fr|naître}}'' (to be born), ''{{lang|fr|abîme}}'' (abyss), ''{{lang|fr|maître}}'' (master), ''{{lang|fr|fraîche}}'' (fresh), and more. Unlike Â, Ê, and Ô, the circumflex does not alter the pronunciation of î or [[û]].

The circumflex usually denotes the exclusion of a letter (usually an s) that was in a prior version of the word:
* ''{{lang|la|voster}}'' became ''{{lang|fr|vôtre}}''.
* ''{{lang|la|abismus}}'' became ''{{lang|frm|abisme}}'' and then ''{{lang|fr|abîme}}''.
* ''{{lang|la|magister}}'' became ''{{lang|frm|maistre}}'' and then ''{{lang|fr|maître}}''.

The [[Reforms of French orthography#1990|1990 spelling reforms]] removed the accents if they are not required to distinguish between [[homonym]]s and so ''{{lang|fr|naitre}}'', ''{{lang|fr|abime}}'', ''{{lang|fr|maitre}}'' and ''{{lang|fr|fraiche}}'' no longer take the circumflex. ''{{lang|fr|[[wikt:le vôtre|Vôtre]]}}'', however, (meaning 'your one' as a [[pronoun]]) uses the circumflex to distinguish it from ''{{lang|fr|[[wikt:votre|votre]]}}'' (meaning 'your' as a [[possessive determiner]]).

==Friulian==

Î is used to get a longer value of I, becoming {{IPA|/iː/}}. It can be found for example in all verbs of the fourth conjugation: ''{{lang|fur|pandî}}'' {{IPA|/paɳ'diː/}}, (to revel). Another use of Î (and also the other long vowels), is due to Latin derivation. Instead of preserving the last vowel, in Friulian it was used to give a longer value to the penultimate vowel, ending the word with a consonant: gliru(m) < ''{{lang|fur|glîr}}'', (dormouse), where the ending ''u'' disappeared.

==Italian==
In Italian the circumflex accent is an optional accent. While the accent itself has many uses, with the letter "i" it is only used while forming the plural of male nouns ending in ''{{lang|it|-io}}'' in order to minimize both ambiguity and the stressing of the wrong syllable: ''{{lang|it|principio}}'' {{IPA|/prinˈtʃipjo/}} (principle) has the plural ''{{lang|it|principî}}'' {{IPA|/prinˈtʃipi/}}, and ''{{lang|it|principe}}'' {{IPA|/ˈprintʃipe/}} (prince) has ''{{lang|it|principi}}'' {{IPA|/ˈprintʃipi/}} as plural. In this situation it can be replaced with a double "i" (E.g. "principii" ), with an i followed by a j (E.g. "principij"), with a single j (E.g. "principj") or, more simply, with a single "i" (E.g. "principi").  In contemporary usage, the single "i" is mostly used and the other variants are seen as archaic and overly formal.

==Kurdish==
Î is the 12th letter of the [[Kurdish alphabet]] and represents {{IPA|/iː/}}: ''{{lang|ku|Kurdî}}'' ({{IPA|[ˈkuɾdiː]}}, 'Kurdish language').

==Persian==
Î is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to [[ي]].

==Romanian==
Î is the 12th letter of the [[Romanian alphabet]] and denotes {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter [[â]]. The difference is that â is used in the middle of a word, as in ''{{lang|ro|Rom'''â'''nia}}'', but î is used at the beginning or the end of a word: ''{{lang|ro|'''î'''nțelegere}}'' (understanding), ''{{lang|ro|a ur'''î'''}}'' (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î retains it, even if it is in the middle of the word: ''{{lang|ro|ne'''î'''nțelegere}}'' (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: ''{{lang|ro|a ur'''î'''}}'' (to hate), ''{{lang|ro|ur'''â'''t}}'' (hated).

==Turkish==
In Turkish, î can indicate the {{IPA|/iː/}} sound in [[Arabic]] loanwords where it is used as an [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|adjectival suffix]] that makes an adjective from a noun: ''askerî'' (military), ''millî'' (national), ''dâhilî'' (internal) etc.

==Welsh==
In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], ''î'' is used to represent long [[stress (linguistics)|stressed]] ''i'' {{IPA|cy|iː|}} when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short {{IPA|cy|ɪ|}} (''{{lang|cy|dîm}}'' {{IPA|cy|diːm|}}, the [[soft mutation|mutated]] form of "team"), as opposed to ''{{lang|cy|dim}}'' {{IPA|cy|dɪm|}} "no, nought, nothing".

== Filipino ==
In [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[Philippine languages]], the circumflex, also called as 'Pakupyâ', is used to indicate a [[Stress (linguistics)|(stressed)]] [[Glottal stop|Glottal stop 'ʔ]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/kasamaniyo/status/1300637672940003329}}</ref> It is however not used in casual text, but used in formal writing and to differentiate between [[Homograph]]s.

e.g.:   '<nowiki/>''Pinun'''ò'''''<nowiki/>' means 'leader'.

'<nowiki/>''Pinun'''ô'''''<nowiki/>' means 'filled'.

==Other usage==
===In mathematics===
* The letter <math>\mathbf{\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}}</math> is sometimes used to denote a [[unit vector]] in physics.

==Character mappings==

{{charmap
| 00CE | name1 = Latin Capital Letter I with Circumflex
| 00EE | name2 = Latin Small Letter I with Circumflex
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = 76 | map1char2 =56
| map2 = [[ISO 8859]]-[[ISO 8859-1|1]]/[[ISO 8859-2|2]]/[[ISO 8859-3|3]]/[[ISO 8859-4|4]]/[[ISO 8859-9|9]]/[[ISO 8859-10|10]]/[[ISO 8859-14|14]]/[[ISO 8859-15|15]]/[[ISO 8859-16|16]] | map2char1 = CE | map2char2 = EE
}}

==See also==
*[[Circumflex]]
*[[^I]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Latin script}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I}}
[[Category:Latin letters with diacritics|I-circumflex]]
[[Category:Romanian language]]
[[Category:Friulian language]]