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...is [[Hamiltonian optics]] method.<ref>W. R. Hamilton, Theory of systems of rays, Part First and Part Second. Part first: Trans. Royal Irish Academy, 15, pp ...r homogenous medium. The theorem states that the resulting pencil of light rays is still perpendicular to some other surface. ...

...[[convex polytope|convex]]) objects from tomographic data (this might be X-rays, projections, sections, brightness functions, or covariograms). More precis X-rays in a set of four directions whose slopes have a transcendental [[cross rati ...

...e is due to ''[[bremsstrahlung]]'', and the spikes are [[Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy|characteristic K lines]] for rhodium. The Duane–Hunt law e | title = On X-Ray Wave-Lengths ...

...t to half-planes; three sheets lie in the halfspace above the plane of the rays, and three below. Four of the sheets are mutually tangent along each ray. x(r,\theta) &= r\cos(\theta) - \tfrac{1}{2}r^2 \cos(2\theta) \\ ...

: <math>\operatorname{Pe}(x,y)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty \exp(i(t^4+xt^2+yt)) \, dt.</math> ...cle and parallel rays. On one side, each point is contained in three light rays; on the other side, each point is contained in one light ray.]] ...

...he same laws of reflection and refraction hold for sound rays as for light rays. Geometrical acoustics does not take into account such important wave effec :<math>\left(\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\ ...

The '''six-rays model''' is applied in an urban or indoor environment where a [[Radio wave| The simplest model is two-rays which predicts signal variation resulting from a [[ground reflection]] inte ...

[[File:Figure 1. Top view of 10 rays.svg|thumb|284x284px|Top view of 10 rays]] [[File:Grafica 2 ingles.svg|thumb|284x284px|Characteristic rays of the model]] ...

...e. Two [[geodesic]] rays ''c''₁, ''c''₂ : [0, ∞] → ''X'' are called '''asymptotic''' if they stay within a certain distance when t Equivalently, the [[Hausdorff distance]] between the two rays is finite. ...

{{Short description|X-rays characteristic of specific elements}} ...{{cite web|last=Wittke|first=James H.|title=The Origin of Characteristic X-rays|url=http://www4.nau.edu/microanalysis/Microprobe/Xray-Characteristic.html|a ...

...reaching the sample by filters. However, the K-alpha line is actually two x-ray lines close together: the stronger K-alpha 1 peak, and the weaker K-alp For diffraction experiments with X-rays radiation is usually used with the <math>K_\alpha</math> Wavelength of the ...

{{Short description|Formula about X-ray emission spectra}} {{about|X-ray emission spectra}} ...

...is [[X-ray scattering techniques|non-resonant inelastic scattering]] of [[X-ray]]s from [[core electron]]s. ...difference being that the wavelengths of the exciting photons fall in the X-ray regime and the corresponding excitations are from deep core electrons. ...

...pectroscopy techniques including [[Auger electron spectroscopy|AES]] and [[X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy|XPS]]. ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| X-ray notation ...

...ys entering from the right, an exit pupil as a green canvas, and where the rays end up in the exit pupil. [[File:Kmirror00.svg|center|400px|Center (chief) ray and two rays at {{math|+x}} and {{math|+y}} passing the system]] ...

...his kind would be a third electron arriving on the 1s level. The emitted X-rays are detected by [[silicon drift detector]]s. [[File:Non-Paulian atomic tran VIP2 runs at LNGS, where the background radiation introduced by cosmic rays is strongly reduced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bellini |first1=G.|display-a ...

<math>x=\ln(\frac{E}{E_k})</math>, [[Category:Cosmic rays]] ...

...from other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as [[x-rays]], [[gamma rays]], [[microwaves]] that are not related to temperature. Therefore, people co ...

...t common uses equivalence classes of [[geodesic#Metric geometry|geodesic]] rays.<ref>{{harvnb|Kapovich|Benakli|2002}}</ref> ...y''' is a path given by an [[isometry]] <math>\gamma:[0,\infty)\rightarrow X</math> such that each segment <math>\gamma([0,t])</math> is a path of short ...

...nd when that Point is consider’d as the Eye of a Spectator, that System of Rays is called the ''Optic Cone''<ref>{{harvnb|Andersen|1992|loc=p. 163}}</ref> ...s notation, to show that the center of perspectivity is ''P'', write <math>X \ \overset {P}{\doublebarwedge} \ Y.</math> ...