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to the chief ray of the system. If looking at the system parallel to the mirror surfaces, wh [[File:Kmirror00.svg|center|400px|Center (chief) ray and two rays at {{math|+x}} and {{math|+y}} passing the system]] ...

{{Short description|X-rays characteristic of specific elements}} ...f>{{cite web|last=Wittke|first=James H.|title=The Origin of Characteristic X-rays|url=http://www4.nau.edu/microanalysis/Microprobe/Xray-Characteristic.h ...

In [[medical radiography]], the DQE describes how effectively an x-ray imaging system can produce an image with a high [[signal-to-noise ratio]] ( ...detector), q, we know the ''cost'' of the image in terms of a number of x-ray quanta. The DQE is the ratio of what an image is ''worth'' to what it ''co ...

...iption|Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays}} ...ay fluorescence spectrometry for environmental analysis: Basic principles, instrumentation, applications and recent trends |journal=Chemosphere |date=2022 |volume=303 ...

...bsp;[[nanometre|nm]]) instead of looking at the relative absorption of the X-rays as in the parent method, EXAFS. ...because it can probe different species in the sample by just tuning the X-ray photon energy to the absorption edge of that species. [[Joachim Stöhr]] pla ...

...sence of a magnetic field. Then, these photons travel through a focusing X-ray optics, and are expected as an excess of signal in the detector when the ma [[File:Conceptual-arrangement-of-an-enhanced-axion-helioscope-with-x-ray-focalization-Solar.png|center|Axion heliscope's principle of operation]] ...

...ysics'' 2012, no. 10 (2012): 043.</ref> Combined data from ''Fermi'' gamma-ray observations and [[IceCube Neutrino Observatory|IceCube]] neutrino observat ...AGIC]] ([[Cherenkov Telescope Array|Cherenkov telescopes]]), [[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|''Fermi'' Large Area Telescope]] (LAT), [[High Altitude Wat ...

{{Short description|Synchrotron X-ray diffraction-based imaging technique}} ...[X-ray diffraction]]-based imaging. The technique works by using scattered X-rays to create a high degree of [[Diffraction contrast tomography|contrast] ...

...s can be accomplished without destroying the sample. The most common gamma-ray detector is a semiconductor germanium detector which allow for a greater en ====X-Ray Fluorescence==== ...

...nal |last1=Taverna |first1=Roberto |last2=Turolla |first2=Roberto |title=X-ray Polarization from Magnetar Sources |journal=Galaxies |date=February 2024 |v ...</sub> || B₀. It has a cut-off at the [[plasma frequency]]. The X wave is the "extraordinary" wave because it has a more complicated dispersi ...

...oductory section, see, e.g., Harrer and Beckerley, ''Nuclear Power Reactor Instrumentation Systems Handbook'', TID-25952-P1, NTIS (1973), Vol. 2 Section 13.6.2, {{IS ...facility.<ref>ANSI 42.18-2004, ''Specification and Performance of On-Site Instrumentation for Continuously Monitoring Radioactivity in Effluents''</ref> Real-time me ...

==Instrumentation== ...st1=Wells|first1=Frederick S.|last2=Pan|first2=Alexey V.|last3=Wang|first3=X. Renshaw|last4=Fedoseev|first4=Sergey A.|last5=Hilgenkamp|first5=Hans|bibco ...

...as crystals and [[diffraction grating]]s, [[diffraction]] is used with [[X-ray]] light, or even [[electron beam]]s. Measurement techniques for three-dimen ...rrors introduced by the response times of the pulse emission and detection instrumentation. An additional uncertainty is the ''refractive index correction'' relating ...

...review|journal=Sol. Cells|volume=8|page=47|doi=10.1016/0379-6787(83)90039-X}}</ref> In further studies, it was determined that important biological mol ...f green house gases (especially CO₂, NO_x, and SO_x). This global demand for solar energy increased 54% in 2010, while th ...

...as developed by Cockayne, Ray and Whelan.<ref name=":1">Cockayne, D. J. H, Ray I. L. F., and Whelan, M. J. (1969) Investigations of dislocation strain fie ...and is dependent on material properties such as lattice parameter and TEM instrumentation used.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Barnard, Jonathan & Sharp, Jo & Tong, ...

...ast1=Roessl |first1=E. |last2=Proksa |first2=R. |title=K-edge imaging in X-ray computed tomography using multi-bin photon counting detectors |journal=Phys ...E. |last2=Macovski |first2=A. |title=Energy-selective reconstructions in X-ray computerized tomography |journal=Phys. Med. Biol. |date=1976 |volume=21 |is ...

|caption1=Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray (''γ'') from an atomic nucleus ...ASA guide to electromagnetic spectrum showing overlap of frequency between X-rays and gamma rays]] ...

...th 11976 produced 67 solar flares (4 of these [[Solar flare#Classification|X-class]]) during the time it was facing Earth, from 29 July to 11 August.<re ...electromagnetic emissions of the largest flare are estimated to total 1-5 x 10³² [[erg]]s in energy released.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal ...

[[File:X-ray-PhaseContrast-EarPlug.png|thumb|400x400px|X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ea ...irst6 = P. | doi = 10.3109/02841851.2010.504742 | title = Phase-contrast X-ray imaging of breast | journal = Acta Radiologica | volume = 51 | issue = 8 | ...

{{Short description|Advanced X-ray spectroscopy technique}} '''Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering''' ('''RIXS''') is an advanced [[X-ray spectroscopy]] technique.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="groot" /> ...