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...[Barcan formula]] and the [[converse Barcan formula]] introduced as axioms by [[Ruth Barcan Marcus]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Garson, James W.|chapter=Qua ...works (which also comprise a number of important question-commentaries on Aristotle's logical writings), two stand out for their originality and significance: ...

...f>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lvov-warsaw/ The Lvóv-Warsaw School], by [[Jan Woleński]] in the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]</ref><ref>{ ...s]], and commended Quine for resisting the temptation to solve the problem by saying that non-referring names are meaningless. Quine's solution, however, ...

{{short description|Mechanical treatise by Archimedes}} ...L.|url = https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp|title = The Works of Archimedes (1897). The unabridged work in PDF form (19&nbsp;MB)| year=18 ...

{{short description|System of propositional logic developed by the Stoic philosophers}} '''Stoic logic''' is the system of [[propositional logic]] developed by the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosophers in [[ancient Greece]]. ...

{{Short description|1947 book by George Gamow}} ...tions and translations</ref> The book includes many handmade illustrations by Gamow. ...

...lly]] reconstruct digital activity lacking [[Digital artifact|artifacts]], by analyzing [[Emergent properties#Emergent properties and processes|emergent Stochastic forensics was invented in 2010 by computer scientist [[Jonathan Grier]] to detect and investigate [[Insider t ...

...humb|A [[cycloidal pendulum]] is isochronous, a fact discovered and proved by [[Christiaan Huygens]] under certain mathematical assumptions.<ref>{{cite b [[File:Conic Sections.svg|thumb|240px|right|Mathematics was developed by the Ancient Civilizations for intellectual challenge and pleasure. Surprisi ...

...concept known as '''''diminishing marginal utility.''''' This idea is used by economics to determine the optimal quantity of a good or service that a con ...additional benefits of an activity compared to additional costs sustained by that same activity. In practice, companies use marginal analysis to assist ...

...emocrats themselves disagree over such questions. Instead, they are united by a common concern for the epistemic value of inclusive and equal political a ...ory in political thought and can be found in the work of figures such as [[Aristotle]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Marquis de Condorcet|Nicolas de Condorcet]] ...

<!-- Please note the background of Tusi is constantly vandalized by ips- that is why it is sourced more predominantly here-->| era... | works = ''[[Tajrid al-I'tiqad]]'', ''[[Zij-i ilkhani]]'', ''Rawḍa-yi ...

...s boundless, endless, or larger than any [[natural number]]. It is denoted by <math>\infty</math>, the [[infinity symbol]]. ...19th century, [[Georg Cantor]] enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying [[infinite set]]s and [[transfinite number|infinite number]]s, sho ...

...not as mental states but as observable physical objects or events, secured by following the [[scientific method]]. The problems of [[underdetermination]] ...th intuitions from one field or in relation to one theoretical role played by evidence and go on to generalize these intuitions, leading to a universal d ...

...ology)|task switching]]. Interest in the phenomenon was primarily taken up by [[Behavioral economics|economic]] and [[Industrial and organizational psych ...Oxford University Press|date=August 2012|pages=589–610|chapter=Chapter 22: Aristotle on the Moral Psychology of Persuasion|isbn=9780195187489}}</ref> ...

...r example, complex propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by [[Logical connective|logical vocabulary]] like <math>\land</math> ([[Logica ...idered the main system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century m ...

...ert|1000|in|m|sigfig=4|order=flip|abbr=off}} long. It was invented in 1878 by George Fuller, professor of engineering at [[Queen's University Belfast]], ...lculations the Fuller remained viable until 1973 when it was made obsolete by the [[HP-35]] handheld scientific [[electronic calculator]]. ...

...n 1849). The problem is indeterminate, but it is made strictly determinate by the century of its utterance and the limit to a man's life. Those born in 1 ...vered him making an elaborate drawing of a figure from one of [[Euclid]]'s works [[Straightedge and compass construction|with a ruler and compasses]].<ref n ...

...s also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a [[theorem|mathematical t ...various measurable quantities. [[Archimedes]] realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, [[Pythagoras]] understood the relation betwee ...

...ther. It includes the study of the nature of the fundamental concepts used by logic and the relation of logic to other disciplines. According to a common ...nce, so the philosophy of logic investigates philosophical problems raised by logic.<ref name="Haack1">{{cite book |last1=Haack |first1=Susan |title=Phil ...

...made predominantly in the 18th and 19th centuries, extended beyond earlier works; they are, with some modification, used in all areas of modern physics. ...corresponding momenta in [[phase space]]. Both formulations are equivalent by a [[Legendre transformation#Hamilton–Lagrange mechanics|Legendre transforma ...

.../ref> This system can deal with all the types of situations studied in the works above and its underlying methodology is conceptually grounded. We will pres ...een events and actions, an action being a specific type of event performed by an agent. ...