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...f instruments used in high and [[ultra-high vacuum|ultra-high]] [[vacuum]] systems. They can measure the thickness of a [[thin film]], not only after it has [[Category:Vacuum systems]] ...

{{Thermodynamics sidebar|cTopic=[[Thermodynamic system|Systems]]}} ...avior of the systems using the [[Laws of Thermodynamics]]. Common magnetic systems examined through the lens of Thermodynamics are [[ferromagnets]] and [[para ...

==Standard Schwarzschild as a vacuum Weyl metric== ...<ref name=Weyl4>R Gautreau, R B Hoffman, A Armenti. ''Static multiparticle systems in general relativity''. IL NUOVO CIMENTO B, 1972, '''7'''(1): 71–98.</ref> ...

...theory|gauge theories]], the only operators that can have non-vanishing [[vacuum expectation value|expectation values]] are ones that are invariant under lo ...neous symmetry breaking. This occurs because over large timescales, finite systems always transition between all possible ground states, averaging away the [[ ...

...conference|last=Marvan |first=M. |year=2004 |title=Recursion operators for vacuum Einstein equations with symmetries |conference=Proceedings of the Conferenc [[Category:Integrable systems]] ...

...ration. For example, temperature-controlled resistors, temperature-limited vacuum diodes, zener diodes, and gas discharge tubes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Motchenbacher|F ===Vacuum diode=== ...

{{AFC submission|d|mergeto|Vacuum permeability|u=Evamirzoian|ns=118|decliner=Royiswariii|declinets=2024102815 ...trength of planets in the Solar System, and potentially in other planetary systems. By applying this formula, scientists gain deeper insights into planetary m ...

...fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/lana.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> the vacuum balloon would be the ultimate expression of lifting power per volume displa ...is Zahm]] "publicly denounced and mathematically proved the fallacy of the vacuum principle"; however, the author does not give his source.<ref>{{cite book|l ...

...xpectation values of [[interaction picture]] fields in the non-interacting vacuum. While typically applied to the ground state, the Gell-Mann and Low theorem * A.L. Fetter and J.D. Walecka: "Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems", McGraw–Hill (1971) ...

...finite; however, most solutions can be discarded when considering physical systems, as boundary conditions completely determine the [[velocity potential]]. ..., as the Laplace equation also models the [[electrostatic potential]] in a vacuum.<ref>[https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_12.html#Ch12-S5 The Feynma ...

...on]]s are the field configurations at the very top of a potential barrier. Vacuum instantons carry a [[Winding number|winding]] (or topological) number, the ...)00044-4|arxiv=cond-mat/9901325|s2cid=119097191 }}</ref> The study of such systems was started by D.A. Garanin and E.M. Chudnovsky<ref name="ChudnovskyGaranin ...

*''&epsilon;₀'' is the [[permittivity]] of the [[vacuum]] ...depletion]], accumulation) which also occur in the more complex transistor systems. ...

In the theory of many-particle systems, '''Jacobi coordinates''' often are used to simplify the mathematical formu ...ult is:<ref name=Cornille>{{cite book |title=Advanced electromagnetism and vacuum physics |author=Patrick Cornille |page=102 |chapter-url=https://books.googl ...

Broadly speaking, the application of categorical models to topological systems comes from the fact that the objects the categories describe some sort of [ ...ons]] in two-dimensional bosonic [[Topological order|topologically ordered systems]].<ref name="g9842" /> ...

...tion of a silica microsphere in a magneto-gravitational trap in ultra-high vacuum|journal=New Journal of Physics|volume=20|issue=6|page=063028|doi=10.1088/13 ....4684|bibcode=2013NatPh...9..806G|s2cid=119249779}}</ref> Thus, levitation systems show promise for ultra-sensitive force sensing, such as detection of short- ...

...[output transformer]]s to couple relatively high [[output impedance]] of [[vacuum tube]]s to low-impedance [[loudspeaker]]s. Circlotron architecture, easily ...ually [[fixed bias]]ed with an external negative power supply ('[[Battery (vacuum tube)#C battery|C battery]]'); each side normally has independent bias adju ...

...This protocol works by having the sender inject energy into the [[quantum vacuum state]] which the receiver can then extract positive energy from.<ref name= === Vacuum fluctuations === ...

...ertise.pdf Electrical Transient Interaction between Transformers and Power Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129055743/http://webs.uv ...impulse test |journal= International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |year= 2022 |volume= 134 |page= 58-63 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107458 } ...

...a Bose [[creation operator]]. The variable <code>vs</code> denotes the [[vacuum state]] <math>|0\rangle</math>. The <code>~</code> operator toggles the com *[[Comparison of computer algebra systems]] ...

...ttle valve. Modern manifold injection systems are usually MPI systems; SPI systems are now considered obsolete. ...lines coming out of it is the fuel distributor; the part on the left is a vacuum-driven piston used for determining the amount of air currently sucked into ...