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...first3=A | title=Design characteristics of molecular drag pumps | journal=Vacuum | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=60 | issue=1–2 | year=2001 | issn=0042-207 ...often used as the [[backing pump]] for it. The Holweck pump can produce a vacuum as low as {{convert|1e-8|mmHg|Pa|abbr=on}}. ...

== The connection and gauges theories == ...izations from [[Chern–Simons theory]]. The basic idea is simply that the [[vacuum expectation value]]s of Wilson loops in Chern–Simons theory are link invari ...

...group="Note" name="GoldstoneNote">[[Goldstone's theorem]] only applies to gauges having [[Lorentz covariance|manifest Lorentz covariance]], a condition that ...calculation. Predictions of observable quantities are identical in the two gauges, but the radiation gauge formulation of quantum field theory avoids Goldsto ...

...irements to withstand design conditions such as internal [[pressure]] or [[vacuum]], hydrostatic loads, [[seismic]] loads (including fluid sloshing), [[wind] ...oof. Sloped bottoms allow for easier draining. [[Level measurement|Level gauges]] allow someone to accurately read the liquid level in the tank. The vesse ...

...this article refers to the speed of all [[electromagnetic radiation]] in [[vacuum]]. ...83 the [[metre]] has been ''defined'' as the distance traveled by light in vacuum in {{fraction|[[speed of light|299,792,458]]}} [[second]].<ref name="Res1"> ...

...ath> determining, among other aspects, the gauge kinetic term, the [[theta vacuum|theta term]], and the [[D-term]] potential. Meanwhile, gauged supergravity gauges some of the global symmetries of the ungauged theory. Since the global symm ...

...9910096|isbn=978-981-02-4206-0|s2cid=15804505}}</ref> spontaneously broken gauges of higher-spins may contain an infinite tower of ''massive'' higher-spin pa ...nt gauge invariant nonlinear equations whose linearization over a specific vacuum solution describes free massless higher-spin fields on anti-de Sitter space ...

...the Lagrangian of a physical system. The transformations between possible gauges, called '''gauge transformations''', form a Lie group—referred to as the '' ...y reduce to the computations of certain [[correlation functions]] in the [[vacuum state]]. This involves a [[renormalization]] of the theory. ...

...gnetic field]] it produces. Similarly, measuring the [[speed of light]] in vacuum seems to give the identical result, whatever the location in time and space ...ore, the Higgs field has a non-zero value (or ''[[Vacuum expectation value|vacuum expectation]]'') ''everywhere''. This non-zero value could in theory break ...

...electronegativity]] and <math>r</math> is its [[ionic radius]]. This index gauges the importance of [[covalent]] interactions vs [[ionic bond|ionic]] intera ...mens by [[staining]], [[negative staining]], or [[evaporation (deposition)|vacuum deposition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Roberson|2009|pp=47, 367–369, 373}}; {{ ...