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...stian cleric in red argues towards an older pensive white Christian cleric in black.]] ...u/research/iep/r/reductio.htm |encyclopedia = The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title = Reductio ad absurdum |author = Nicholas Rescher |access-date = 21 ...

...ropositional logic]] developed by the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosophers in [[ancient Greece]]. ...will only be true if it is true that it is night).<ref name="bobzien95" /> In contrast, Aristotelian propositions strongly affirm or deny a predicate of ...

...01-74)|encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H036. | main_interests = [[Kalam]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|Islamic Philosophy]], [[Islamic astronomy|Astronomy]], [[Islamic mathematics|Mathematics]], [[ ...

[[File:Pythagorean proof (1).svg|300px|right|thumb|An example of "beauty in method"—a simple and elegant visual descriptor of the [[Pythagorean theorem ==In method== ...

...ion |last=Agar |first=Jon |year=2012 |publication-date=2012 |title=Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Pres ...ies, extended beyond earlier works; they are, with some modification, used in all areas of modern physics. ...

...s a [[proof system]]. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], and [[linguistics]]. ...if...then]]). Simple propositions also have parts, like "Sunday" or "work" in the example. The truth of a proposition usually depends on the meanings of ...

...metry had appeared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geome ...em|Wiles's proof]] of [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], a problem that was stated in terms of [[elementary arithmetic]], and remained unsolved for several centu ...

...k=George Saliba |date=1994 |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |pages=245, 250, 256–257 |publisher=[[New Yo ...ts|Mongol invasions]] and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multi ...

...tions]]''. It provides methods to find the values that solve all equations in the system at the same time, and to study the set of these solutions. ...16th and 17th centuries when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of e ...

{{About||the real numbers used in descriptive set theory|Baire space (set theory)}} In [[mathematics]], a '''real number''' is a [[number]] that can be used to [[ ...

This is a '''list of notable Italian scientists''' organized by the era in which they were active. == Ancient == ...

[[File:Dürer Melancholia I.jpg|thumb|250px|Mathematics in art: [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s copper plate engraving ''[[Melencolia I]]'', 1514 [[File:Paolo uccello, studio di vaso in prospettiva 02.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Wire-frame model|Wireframe drawing]]<ref n ...

...are">{{Cite web |title=Square of Opposition {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/sqr-opp/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |language=en-US}} ...based on the best available explanation for a set of premises. Often used in hypothesis formation.}} ...

== Ancient Egypt == ...ty of Kadesh.jpg|thumb|Tablet of one of the earliest recorded [[treaties]] in history, [[Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty|Treaty of Kadesh]], at the [[Istan ...

...in nominis egestate, halitum illum, Gas vocavi, non longe a Chao ..." (... in need of a name, I called this vapor "gas", not far from "chaos" ...)</ref> ...t simply was following the established [[alchemical]] usage first attested in the works of [[Paracelsus]]. According to Paracelsus's terminology, ''chaos ...

...erary language by combining [[Old Church Slavonic]] with vernacular tongue in his early grammar; influenced [[Russian poetry]] through his [[ode]]s ...ed earth]] technology for northern climate and built the [[Priory Palace]] in [[Gatchina]], pioneered [[HVAC]] technology, invented [[carton-pierre]] ...

...47.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]] wrote aerodynamic studies in a notebook eventually titled <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Codex on the Flight of Bi ...reospecific Polymerization: A revolution in polymer synthesis has occurred in the last decade. |journal=Science |date=14 August 1964 |volume=145 |issue=3 ...

...]]'''}}{{defn|defn=(''The double integration method'') is a technique used in [[structural analysis]] to determine the [[Deflection (engineering)|deflect ...an [[arithmetic logic unit]] (ALU) operation on one or more units of data in the CPU's [[processor register|register]]s or [[CPU cache|memory]].}} ...

{{Short description|Central concept in Marxian critique of political economy}} ..."form of appearance," an independent way of presenting the value contained in the commodity, and then I start on the analysis of the latter... the concr ...

{{Short description|List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in aerospace engineering}} ...or (in [[broadcast engineering]]) [[height above average terrain]] (HAAT). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, HAAT) indicate where the "zero l ...