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{{Infobox spacecraft instrument | Spacecraft = [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] <!--spacecraft it is hosted aboard--> ...

Similarly, biological systems have a viable temperature range, which might be referred to as an "operatin ...test limits to the conditions that it will undergo throughout its service life are specified in [[MIL-STD-810]], the ''Department of Defense Test Method S ...

...the mission objectives and altitude, [[spaceflight]] using this form of [[spacecraft propulsion]] is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflig ...or [[Skyhook (structure)|non-rotating tethers]], that capture an arriving spacecraft and then release it at a later time into a different orbit with a different ...

...rl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527144930/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/rhu.pdf|archive-date = May 27, 2010}}</ref> Examples of concepts that use nuclear power for space propulsion systems include the [[nuclear electric rocket]] (nuclear powered [[ion thruster]](s ...

The crisis of the 1990s led to the drastic reduction of state support for science and technology, leading many Russian scientists and university ...ref>{{cite journal |last=Gautschi |first=Walter |title=Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works |jstor=20454060 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial ...

Microgravity, often experienced in [[Spacecraft|orbiting spacecraft]], is characterized by the near absence of perceptible weight. In contrast, ...tion affects cooling systems, boiling processes, and thermal management in spacecraft and space-based manufacturing.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Straub |first ...

...= See [[#Spacecraft and space systems|spacecraft and space systems]] ...le to assure continued use of spacecraft and deny adversaries use of their spacecraft or space-enabled capabilities.<ref name="spaceforce.mil"/> ...

...ighly efficient, [[multi-junction]] (MJ) [[solar cells]]. In addition, CPV systems often use [[solar tracker]]s and sometimes a cooling system to further incr ...ing PV technologies, achieving near 40% for production modules and 30% for systems.<ref name="Current-status-FHI-NREL-2015" />{{rp|5}} They enable a smaller p ...

...xistence|several independent lines of evidence]] have been discovered that support the existence of dark energy. ...ction of the cosmological term was the biggest blunder he ever made in his life." – Here the "cosmological term" refers to the cosmological constant in the ...

...c system|eutectics]], such as those in the gold-silicon and gold-germanium systems, have a structure in the liquid phase that has to be disrupted on crystalli ...or equipment needs, income from the investment in Fulmer was to be used to support the scientific and educational work of the IOP.<ref name="F051"/> The purch ...

...tware Associates|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The point at which a spacecraft comes closest to a ground observer is the ''time of closest approach''.<ref ...Drag (physics)|drag]] slows the [[spacecraft]]. Aerobraking is used when a spacecraft requires a low orbit after arriving at a body with an atmosphere, and it re ...

...ket depends on the score, ranging from a [[bottle rocket]] to the [[Buran (spacecraft)|''Buran'' spaceplane]]. In the best ending, a [[Unidentified flying object ...ogers]] (right) secured the international rights to Tetris for home gaming systems from the ELORG. ...

...l_RPS_Report.pdf |title=Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems |date=September 2004 |access-date=26 January 2016|publisher=NASA |archive-u ...3 February 2020|quote="In 1989, NASA's Voyager 2 became the first-and only-spacecraft to study Neptune up close."|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://w ...

...me time 300&nbsp;g were returned by the uncrewed [[Luna programme|''Luna'' spacecraft]]. Recently, in 2020 ''[[Chang'e 5]]'' collected 1.7&nbsp;kg of lunar mater ...grains were collected during fly by of comet [[81P/Wild]] by ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]'' that returned the samples to Earth in 2006. Their analysis pr ...

...ehaves at the smallest scales; [[evolutionary biology]], which studies how life evolves over time; [[plate tectonics]], which shows how continents shift ov ....independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-super-eruption-apocalypse-wipe-out-life-human-kind-timeline-how-long-a8082006.html |archive-date=9 November 2020 |a ...

...founder of the [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]], proved that there is life in high latitudes of the [[Arctic Ocean]] ...yansky]]''', [[Botany|botanist]], and [[evolutionary biologist]]. First to support the theory of [[symbiogenesis]] with Darwinian evolution, and first directo ...

...), and inorganics such as NASICON.<ref name=":5" /> However, many of these systems required operation at elevated temperatures, and/or were expensive to produ ...stration experiments on the [[International Space Station]]. The [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] No. 17, launched on February 19, 2022, confirmed that all-solid-s ...

...4A..13P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525830 |s2cid=119262962 }} The [[Planck (spacecraft)#2015 data release|Planck Collaboration]] in 2015 published the estimate of ...th the earliest evidence of [[timeline of the evolutionary history of life|life]] on Earth emerging by about 10 billion years (3.8 Gya). ...

...for the existence of liquid water, and are thus potentially hospitable to life. There is no evidence of an atmosphere on any of the planets, and observati ...tary atmospheres irreversibly and significantly, raising doubts of hosting life as we know it on Earth.{{sfn|Vida|Kővári|Pál|Oláh|2017|p=5}} ...

...mputations or die of cancer. The use of radioactive substances in everyday life was once fashionable, but over time, the health effects became known. Inves ...ent of [[tumors]].<ref>G. Rohrmeier: Friedrich Otto Walkhoff (1860–1934) - Life and work, dissertation, Institute for the History of Medicine, University o ...