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...b|right|Helium vector magnetometer of [[Pioneer 10]] and [[Pioneer 11|11]] spacecraft]] ...lows the magnetometer to make observations with less interference from the spacecraft itself]] ...

[[File:Helios Dust1.jpg|thumb|Schematic view of the Helios spacecraft with the three photometers (P15, P30, and P90) of the Zodiacal light instru ...Comet or meteoroid streams, and even [[interstellar dust]] were identified in the data. ...

...the mission objectives and altitude, [[spaceflight]] using this form of [[spacecraft propulsion]] is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflig ...ital plasma dynamics. Five main techniques for employing space tethers are in development:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finckenor|first=Miria|author2=AIAA Tec ...

...sphere_stratosphere_trend.png|caption2=Atmospheric temperature trends from 1979–2011 based on satellite measurements.}} ...ROS-N]]. By comparison, the usable balloon ([[radiosonde]]) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform. ...

* Cost: Price for a launch at this time, in millions of US$ ...e intention of reaching orbit). Suborbital tests launches are not included in this listing. ...

...lar System]], as well as the potential hazards posed by these particles to spacecraft and other space-borne assets. The measurement of space dust requires the us ...count-rates recorded were due to noise generated by temperature variations in Earth orbit. ...

...he surface determines the [[emissivity]] and [[reflectance]] for all bands in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], linking the measurements to physical prop ...The high variability of the ocean surface is also the deterministic factor in the differences between land and ocean remote sensing. ...

The following events occurred in '''July 1962''': ...962 |page=5}}</ref> [[Grégoire Kayibanda]] of the [[Hutu]] tribe was sworn in as [[President of Rwanda]] at [[Kigali]], and [[Mwambutsa IV of Burundi|Mwa ...

| caption = Neptune in true colour;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=Patrick G. J. |last2=D ...s at the precise [[J2000]] epoch. Barycentre quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable change ...

| industry = Technical and scientific services in materials technology and related fields | successors = Parts acquired in 1990 by {{Unbulleted list | [[British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Associati ...

{{Short description|List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in aerospace engineering}} ...or (in [[broadcast engineering]]) [[height above average terrain]] (HAAT). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, HAAT) indicate where the "zero l ...

The '''history of nuclear fusion''' began early in the 20th century as an inquiry into how stars powered themselves and expand ...ly 2015}}</ref> [[Quantum tunneling]] was discovered by [[Friedrich Hund]] in 1929, and shortly afterwards [[Robert d'Escourt Atkinson|Robert Atkinson]] ...

...ntific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.<ref name="NYT-20230502">{{cite news |last=Overbye |fi ...iant]] and whether [[proton decay]] will be the eventual end of all matter in the universe. ...

...an be up to 200&nbsp;μm thick. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including [[Cadmium telluride photovoltaics|cadmium t ...]]-[[crystalline silicon]]. This is the dominant technology currently used in most [[solar PV systems]]. Most thin-film solar cells are classified as ''s ...

...[https://books.google.com/books?id=whc4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT5 digitized version] in [[Google Books]].</ref>]] ...radiation]], radioactive substances such as [[radon]] and [[radium]] found in the environment, and the potential health hazards of non-ionizing radiation ...