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...anics)|principal axis]] a time varying torque must be applied to force the spacecraft to rotate as desired, though. Also the [[Gyroscope|gyroscopic]] effect of [ be a body fixed reference system for a [[3 axis stabilized spacecraft]]. The initial attitude ...

...transfer uses low-thrust propulsion systems such as [[electrically powered spacecraft propulsion]] and [[solar sail]]. ...elative motion, in which the target is in a circular orbit, and the chaser spacecraft is in an elliptical or circular orbit. Since, the quantity of available thr ...

...quer''' (also known as a '''torque rod''') is a [[satellite]] system for [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]], detumbling, and stabilization built fr ...'' is the magnetic dipole vector, '''B''' the magnetic field vector (for a spacecraft it is the Earth magnetic field vector), and '''τ''' is the generated torque ...

...field acoustic testing''' is the testing of the mechanical resistance of a spacecraft to the acoustic pressures during launch. ...ing its orbital life, analysis is focused on tests in three categories : [[Spacecraft thermal control|Thermal]], [[Radio frequency|Radio-frequencies]] and [[Vibr ...

...b|right|Helium vector magnetometer of [[Pioneer 10]] and [[Pioneer 11|11]] spacecraft]] ...lows the magnetometer to make observations with less interference from the spacecraft itself]] ...

...spacecraft in the desired orbit. For a [[Geostationary orbit|geostationary spacecraft]], correction maneuvers on the order of {{cvt|40–50|m/s|mph}} per year are For [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous spacecraft]], intentional shifting of the orbit plane (called "precession") can be use ...

{{Infobox spacecraft class ...器}}) or simply as the '''lunar surface lander''' ({{Lang|zh|月面着陆器}}), is a spacecraft under development by the [[China Academy of Space Technology]]. The purpose ...

...space|power plants]], [[Spacecraft propulsion|propulsion]] or [[Spacecraft|spacecraft systems]] in space. Such space systems require advanced high-temperature [[Spacecraft thermal control|thermal control systems]]. ...

...obtained by dividing the product ''GM'' as determined from the analysis of spacecraft orbit with a value for the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'', determined to ...or which the best possible agreement between the computed and the observed spacecraft orbits is obtained. ...

}}</ref> and [[spacecraft]]<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets ...

...t attitude control''' is the process of controlling the orientation of a [[spacecraft]] (vehicle or satellite) with respect to an [[inertial frame of reference]] Before and during attitude control can be performed, '''spacecraft attitude determination''' must be performed, which requires [[sensor]]s for ...

...27.4408|1.7735}} [[milliarcsecond]]s by the ''[[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia]]'' spacecraft in 2018, corresponding to a distance of {{convert|36.4|±|2.4|pc|ly|lk=on}}. ...;mas/yr, where <math>\mu_\alpha</math> and <math>\mu_\delta</math> are the components of proper motion in the RA and Dec, respectively.}}{{efn|The position angle ...

The radial and tangential velocity components can then be computed with the formulas (see the [[Kepler orbit]] article) ...ambert's problem is certainly for the design of interplanetary missions. A spacecraft traveling from the Earth to for example Mars can in first approximation be ...

...parameters, but they are necessarily imperfect. This is one reason the GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. [[Error analysis for the G ...endent time pairs quite possibly will be sufficient to solve for the three components of the position of receiver 2. This may require the use of a numerical proc ...

...de variety of software is available to simulate orbits and trajectories of spacecraft. ...mass#Astronomy|barycenter]] of the system. This equation is resolved into components in <math>x</math>, <math>y</math>, <math>z</math> and these are integrated ...

...rl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527144930/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/rhu.pdf|archive-date = May 27, 2010}}</ref> ...ological risk upon entering the human body (e.g. in the design of American spacecraft, plutonium dioxide exists in ceramic form to prevent inhalation or ingestio ...

...the mission objectives and altitude, [[spaceflight]] using this form of [[spacecraft propulsion]] is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflig ...or [[Skyhook (structure)|non-rotating tethers]], that capture an arriving spacecraft and then release it at a later time into a different orbit with a different ...

...ehicle components. Evaluating thermal resistance helps in designing engine components and automotive cooling systems. ...cal for managing temperature variations in extreme environments. Designing spacecraft and aviation systems require considerations of thermal conductance and resi ...

...the [[NERVA]] NRX/EST and NRX/XE were built and tested with flight design components. The highly successful U.S. [[Project Rover]] which ran from 1955 through 1 '''Solar thermal propulsion''' is a form of [[spacecraft propulsion]] that makes use of solar power to directly heat [[reaction mass ...

...ny matrix ''D'' with full [[row rank]]. Thus any linear combination of the components of ''X'' is elliptical (though not necessarily with the same elliptical dis ...are also used to calculate the [[Landing footprint|landing footprints]] of spacecraft. ...