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...s are necessary. Periodic changes in brightness have long been observed in stars which indicate cooler or brighter [[starspot]]s on the surface. These spots ...t used to map chemical peculiarities on the surface of [[Ap and Bp star|Ap stars]]. For mapping starspots it was first used by [[Steven Vogt]] and Donald Pe ...

...same angular distance from the Sun, appearing to move with respect to the stars since the previous month. Consequently, at 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and ...as defined with respect to the [[celestial sphere]] of apparently [[fixed stars]] (the [[International Celestial Reference Frame]]; ICRF) is known as a ''' ...

...course of a [[year]], the Sun appears to move with respect to the [[fixed stars]] on the [[celestial sphere]], along a circular path called the [[ecliptic] ..., and the <math>Z</math> axis towards the [[Celestial pole|North celestial pole]].<ref> ...

...was once recognized as the best candidate for the [[List of largest known stars|largest known star]] when it was a [[red supergiant]],<ref name=levesque/> ...t=Westerlund |first=B. E. |date=1987 |title=Photometry and spectroscopy of stars in the region of a highly reddened cluster in ARA |journal=[[Astronomy & As ...

{{Short description|Study of the movement of stars}} ...barnard.html|title=Barnard's Star (V2500 Ophiuchi)|date=November 2005|work=Stars|publisher=James B. Kaler|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.a ...

|appmag_1_passband=i <small>([[Deep Near Infrared Survey of the Southern Sky|DENIS]] filter system)</small> |appmag_3_passband=J <small>([[Deep Near Infrared Survey of the Southern Sky|DENIS]] filter system)</small> ...

...d since the 1980s by way of earth-based observation of [[occultation]]s of stars by Pluto<ref name=Elliot_2007/><ref name=Olkin_2015/> and [[Astronomical sp ...led "south" according to nomenclature of that time.}} whereas its southern pole is still too warm for condensation of nitrogen.<ref name=Olkin_2015/> Absol ...

...of free-air gravity anomaly model typically has higher resolution for the southern hemisphere, as high as over 100&nbsp;km.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1 ...omaly is the degree one harmonic, which represents the mass deficit in the southern hemisphere and excess in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=":0" /> The seco ...

...pears to point southwards on the northern hemisphere and northwards on the southern hemisphere. <math>\Omega\approx 7.29\times 10^{-5}</math> rad/s is the diur ...if appropriate, based on a [[sidereal time|sidereal]] day relative to the stars (≈366.24 days/year) rather than on a [[solar time|solar]] day (≈365.24 days ...

.... If the outer ring is coplanar to Quaoar's equator (having the same north pole orientation), then Quaoar would have the same axial tilt with respect to th ...d after mythological figures from the Native American [[Tongva people]] in Southern California. [[Quaoar (mythology)|Quaoar]] is the Tongva creator deity and [ ...

Below there are lists the nearest stars separated by [[spectral type]]. The scope of the list is still restricted t == List of nearest M-type stars == ...

...llite and the discovery that the viewing direction was almost [[axial tilt|pole-on]].<ref name="massdensity"/> With this size estimate, Gonggong is again t ...016"/><ref name="massdensity"/> Based on a best-fit model for its rotation pole orientation, the value of {{val|22.4|0.18}} hours is thought to be the more ...

...f the energy available to do work, must rise over time.<ref name="Nave" /> Stars will eventually exhaust their supply of [[hydrogen]] fuel via fusion and bu ...Cephei, aka Errai, a future North Star |url=https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/gamma-cephei-errai-future-north-star/ |access-date=25 December 2021 |websit ...

...atterns. At the time of the ''Voyager&nbsp;2'' flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a [[Great Dark Spot]] comparable to the [[Great Red Spot]] o ...at least aware that the "star" he had observed had moved relative to fixed stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Galileo discovered Neptune, new theory claims |first ...

...k |date=24 August 2023 |title=Recent global climate feedback controlled by Southern Ocean cooling |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=775–780 ...ence of ice cover and [[sea ice]] makes the [[North Pole]] and the [[South Pole]] colder than they would have been without it.<ref name="Deser2000">{{cite ...

...erschel Telescope in the Canary Islands on October 28 ... Faint background stars appear streaked because the massive 4.2 meter diameter telescope is trackin ...the [[solar apex]] (the direction of the Sun's movement relative to local stars), the most likely direction from which objects from outside the Solar Syste ...

...e major rivers; accounts of fictitious geography of the north pole and the southern continent. The full Latin texts and English translations of all the legends ...tp://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=search.getdetail&id=100185284 Southern Atlantic]'' ...

...zoologist and explorer, founder of [[permafrost]] science, determined the southern border of permafrost ...ann]]''', biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern Russia ...

...]] and [[brown dwarfs]] which are the least voluminous known (the smallest stars by volume). ===Notable small stars=== ...

...lin |first=Bryce T. |date=13 December 2019 |title= Constraints on the spin-pole orientation, jet morphology, and rotation of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov .../ref> and the [[celestial equator]] on 13&nbsp;November 2019, entering the southern sky. On 8&nbsp;December 2019, the comet reached [[Apsis|perihelion]] (close ...