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...ditions, the only [[Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)|coherent]] social choice function is given by the [[utilitarian rule]].<ref name=":0">{{Citat ...iven by a weighted sum of individual [[utility function]]s, so long as the social choice function satisfies three conditions:<ref name=":0" /> ...

...average, to any other.<ref name="Fish84a">P. C. Fishburn. ''Probabilistic social choice based on simple voting comparisons''. Review of Economic Studies, 51 ...orcet-consistency, and independence of clones.<ref name="Bran13a" /> The [[social welfare function]] that top-ranks maximal lotteries has been uniquely chara ...

...]], and [[philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Theory of Causation in the Social and Biological Sciences|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=9781137 ...

...in Ethical Calculations of Existential Risk, Presented at The Economic and Social Research Council Climate Ethics and Climate Economics Workshop Series: Work ...ey |last=Monton |title= How to Avoid Maximizing Expected Utility |journal= Philosophers' Imprint |volume=19 |issue=18 |pages=1–25 |year=2019 |doi=|jstor= |hdl=2027 ...

...lem|url=http://agtb.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/fair-division-and-the-whining-philosophers-problem/|website=Turing's Invisible Hand|date=15 August 2012|accessdate=26 ...| title = Two-player envy-free multi-cake division| journal = Mathematical Social Sciences| volume = 59| pages = 26–37| year = 2010| last1 = Cloutier | first ...

...egre (9616423447).jpg|thumb|320px|[[Peter Singer]] is one of the prominent philosophers of [[effective altruism]].]] ...truistic motives are distorted by, among other things, [[parochialism]], [[Social status|status]] seeking and [[conformity]].<ref name="Nowak-2006" /><ref>{{ ...

...but an apple is preferred to an orange]] In [[economics]], and in other [[social science]]s, '''preference''' refers to an order by which an [[Agent (econom Using the [[scientific method]], social scientists aim to model how people make practical decisions in order to [[E ...

...freeness: A procedural approach to n-player fair-division problems|journal=Social Choice and Welfare|volume=19|issue=4|page=723|year=2002|last1=Haake|first1= ...lem|url=http://agtb.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/fair-division-and-the-whining-philosophers-problem/|access-date=26 August 2014|website=Turing's Invisible Hand}}</ref> ...

...thics<br />[[Mathematics]]<br />philosophy<br />[[Religious study]]<br />[[Social issues]]<br />Education [[Category:Catholic philosophers]] ...

The term "longtermism" was coined around 2017 by Oxford philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord. The view draws inspiration from the work of ...ions.<ref name=":2" /> At the same time, progress made in the physical and social sciences has given humanity the ability to more accurately predict (at leas ...

...rowth rates: Consider acceleration of growth given the fact that corporate social responsibility (CSR) and profitability are higher in the sweet-spot. ...reasing criticism of excessive growth and shareholder value orientation by philosophers, economists and also managers, e.g. [[Stéphane Hessel]], [[Kenneth Boulding ...

...ural labour—that creates surplus-value... But to Adam Smith, it is general social labour — no matter in what use-values it manifests itself — the mere quanti ...[[surplus value]]. Moreover, Marx argues that markets tend to obscure the social relationships and processes of production; he called this [[commodity fetis ...

...as evidence that confirms [[Einstein]]'s [[theory of general relativity]]. Philosophers of science tend to understand evidence not as mental states but as observab ...periences can justify her own beliefs but not someone else's beliefs. Some philosophers hold that evidence possession is restricted to conscious mental states, for ...

...is conviction has made them immune to all worldly affairs. Saints and wise philosophers such as [[Spinoza]] belong to this class. The third class belongs to those ...

...of Positive Empathy|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12m108p4|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=57–68 ...e=2016|title=Warm Glow or Extra Charge? The Ambivalent Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities on Customers' Perceived Price Fairness|journal=Jo ...

...usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy] ...ility hypothesis|choice under uncertainty]], and [[social welfare function|social welfare]] in modern economic theory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marginal Utility ...

When De Morgan moved to London, he befriended [[William Frend (social reformer)|William Frend]] (1757–1841). Both had studied mathematics at Camb ...[logic]], including [[Logic#Formal logic|formal logic]], was the domain of philosophers; De Morgan was the first to make formal logic a mathematical subject. Secon ...

...een Mathematics and Physics|title=Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery|volume=7: 1950 to Present|date=2000|pu ...

...kiw|2006|p=31}} This line of research reached its height with the MIT-Penn-Social Science Research Council (MPS) model developed by Modigliani and his collab ...the mainstream and proposed a major reassessment.{{sfn|"The other-worldly philosophers"|2009}} ...

...Caliphate|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] by translating works of [[Greek philosophers]] and [[ancient science]] to [[Syriac Language|Syriac]] and afterwards to [ ...ess of [[socialization]] of aspiring scholars, who came from virtually all social backgrounds, into the ranks of the [[ulema]].<ref name=berkey-ed /> ...