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...jdModelSketch.svg|300px|thumbnail|right|Sketch of the 2 updating rules, '''social validation''' (top panel) and '''discord destroys''' (bottom panel), assumi ...about opinion dynamics. The Sznajd model implements a phenomenon called [[social validation]] and thus extends the [[Ising spin model]]. In simple words, th ...

...11). Composite Indices of Development and Poverty: An Application to MDGs. Social Indicators Research, 104, 1–18.</ref>). ...d Non-compensatory Composite Index for Measuring Socio-economic Phenomena. Social Indicators Research, DOI 10.1007/s11205-015-0998-2</ref> ...

...d to formalize problems arising in the study of various natural and social phenomena, and has close ties to the theories of [[optimal control]] and [[set-valued Many systems, organizations, and networks arising in biology and the social sciences do not evolve in a deterministic way, nor even in a stochastic way ...

...n occurs ubiquitously in various systems, like [[information cascade]]s in social systems, [[stock market crash]]es in economic systems, and [[cascading fail ...th asymmetric coupling and threshold feedback|journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena|year=2016|doi=10.1016/j.physd.2015.10.004|volume=323-324|pages=64–72|arxiv= ...

...ow other users to predict the contents of different documents efficiently. Social tags are arguably more important in [[exploratory search]], in which the us ...st3=Ruogu|last4=He|first4=Jibo|date=2010-07-01|title=Semantic imitation in social tagging|journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction|language=en| ...

...gnition]], [[developmental psychology]], [[cognitive neuroscience]], and [[social psychology]]. ...nce, [[Cognitive model#Behavioral dynamics|cognitive science]], as well as social psychology which demonstrates that perception and action share common compu ...

...=Research Methods in Psychology|date=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages|isbn=978-0077825362|pages=Chapter 1 : Introduction|url=h ...causal model]] (potential-outcome), which are often used in areas such as social sciences and epidemiology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greenland|first1=Sander ...

...ovskii]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title = Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production. The 3rd Ed. |last = Pokrovskii|first = Vladimir| publisher = Sp ...xed capital <math>K</math>) and determines the efficiency of the usage of social resources, it determines the degree of substitution of the labor with produ ...

....S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sornette |first1=Didier |title=Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences: Chaos, Fractals, Selforganization, and Disorder: Conce ...l proximity. This is in contrast to applying scaling to countries or other social group delineations, which are more ad-hoc sociological constructions. The e ...

...ame="linkedin">[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dan-ballard/details/education/ Social media profile]</ref> ...[[gravitational lenses]], have become powerful tools to investigate these phenomena. Measurements of <math>H_0</math> and the [[dark energy]] equation of state ...

[[File:Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Diagram of a social network of 7-8-year-old children, mapped by asking each child to indicate t ...blisher=Springer|year=2013|isbn=978-9400767720|contribution=Interaction in social networks|first1=Diane|last1=Felmlee|first2=Robert|last2=Faris|pages=439–464 ...

...a bit: an integrated information decomposition account of emergent mental phenomena | journal = Neuroscience of Consciousness | volume = 2021 | issue = 2 | pag ...

...these isolated trees connect to each other. This is called the [[Critical phenomena|critical point]]. In our natural example, this point corresponds to tempera ...network with <math>{N = 7\ast109}</math> nodes, comparable to the globe's social network, for <math>{0<\left \langle k \right \rangle< 1}</math> the largest ...

...ematics)|mathematics]], electronics, [[Biological network|biology]], and [[Social network|biosocial fields]]. Studies of inter-organization relations, and it ...Kim, B., & Choi, M. Y. (2006). Consumer referral in a small world network. Social Networks, 28(3), 232-246.</ref> Alternatively a study by Lorenzo Bizzi & An ...

...s: [[first-order logic]], with its ability to succinctly represent complex phenomena, and [[graphical model | probabilistic graphical models]], which capture th ...in problems such as [[collective classification]], [[link prediction]], [[social network]] modelling, and [[record linkage|object identification/entity reso ...

...sRevLett.49.91 |bibcode=1982PhRvL..49...91A |doi-access=free }}</ref> to [[social sciences]] and [[economics]].<ref name=Fischer1>{{cite journal |last1=Fisch To describe causal relationships between phenomena, non-quantitative visual notations are common, such as arrows, e.g. in the ...

...nagement'' (IJISCRAM), Volume 1, Issue 4, October 2009</ref> is a [[scale (social sciences)|scale]] on which the magnitude (intensity)<ref>{{cite web|url=htt Scales relating to natural phenomena that may result in an emergency are numerous. This section provides a revie ...

The extent of [[personality]] phenomena considered when examining animal personality is significantly reduced compa ...l|last=Gosling|first=Samuel|title=Personality in Non-human Animals|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|year=2008|volume=2|issue=2|pages=985–100 ...

..., [[statistical physics]] (especially [[phase transition]]s and [[critical phenomena]]) and [[complex systems]] (especially applied to [[Irish mythology]] and ...Yu. |last5 = Kenna|first5 = R.|author-link5 = Ralph Kenna|title = Critical phenomena on scale-free networks: logarithmic corrections and scaling functions|journ ...

...enient general tool for studying [[indiscernibility]]/indistinguishability phenomena. The importance of those for mathematics had been first recognized by [[Hen ...itransitive relation]]&mdash;a generalization to formalize indifference in social choice theory ...