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...ffinity]] and [[Chemical specificity|specificity]]. Specificity means that proteins distinguish the highly specific binding partner from less specific partners ...ugh there are many different ligands located outside of the cell, membrane proteins are specific, and only certain ligands will bind to each one. That is why e ...

...mescale. Once electrons have travelled down the iron-sulfur clusters, they pass onto the FAD molecule bound to the [[Active site|catalytic site]] of the en ...and the [[electron transport chain]] in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and single celled organisms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutter J, Winge DR, Schif ...

...alence and <math>e</math> is the [[elementary charge]], in contrast to the single-valence electrons of ECB (<math>z=-1</math>). ...itance]] <math>C_{\rm s}</math> is so small that the charging energy of a single ion <math>\Delta E=z^2e^2/(2 C_s)</math>becomes large compared to the [[the ...