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...by calculating the noise in a 50 [[ohm]] [[resistor]] at the input of the receiver as follows: ...ers with a large bandwidth and input noise can be decreased by cooling the receiver input stage. ...

...an [[isotropic radiator]] is readily calculated.<ref> ''Reference Data for Radio Engineers'', Howard W.Sams Co.Inc.,{{ISBN|0-672-21218-8}}, p 27-7</ref> ...eflections and [[attenuation]] caused by objects around the transmitter or receiver may affect the electrical field strength considerably. ...

...radio-telescopes have only one receiver at the focus of the telescope, but radio-telescopes are now starting to be equipped with focal plane arrays, which a ...o wavelengths are large, the resulting feed arrays are amongst the largest radio-astronomy receivers ever built. Examples include the multi-beam arrays on t ...

...-rays model''' is a [[mathematical model]] applied to the transmissions of radio signal in an urban area, ...nyon, in it which the rays that travel from a [[transmitter]] point to a receiver point bounce many times. ...

'''Encoder receiver transmitter (ERT)''' is a [[packet radio]] protocol developed by [[Itron]] for [[automatic meter reading]].<ref name ...nt | country = US | number = 7830874 | status = patent | title = Versatile radio packeting for automatic meter reading systems. | gdate = 2010-11-09 | fdate ...

...noise ratio]] (SNR). To establish the minimum detectable signal (MDS) of a receiver we require several factors to be known. * Temperature ''T''₀ of the receiver system ...

...tentional slight [[frequency shift (disambiguation)|shift]] of broadcast [[radio frequency]] (RF), to reduce [[RF interference|interference]] with other tra ...ce from other broadcasters. In principle, each broadcaster has a different radio frequency (planned by the public authority) in a common reception area to a ...

...st=Norton |first=Kenneth A. |date=January 1953 |title=Transmission Loss in Radio Propagation |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=146– ...ifference between the source level and the [[sound pressure level]] at the receiver.<ref>ISO 18405:2017 Underwater acoustics - Terminology (International Organ ...

...V]] transmitter which uses an intermediate frequency signal in addition to radio frequency signal. ...(AF)]], [[Video signal|video (VF)]] etc.) modulates the [[radio frequency|radio frequency (RF)]] signal. These direct modulation transmitters are relativel ...

...and [[dielectric]] properties, LOS and multipath signal are summed at the receiver. For the analysis of [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]] with equal heights then <math>h_{t}= h_{r}=h</math>, determinin ...

Where t is the temperature and g is the [[antenna gain|gain]] of the receiver antenna. ...carrier and the d is the distance in meters between the satellite and the receiver . For [[Geosynchronous satellites]] this distance is {{convert|35786|km}} a ...

'''Channel sounding''' is a technique that evaluates a radio environment for [[wireless communication]], especially [[MIMO]] systems. Be ...1=Laurenson, D. |author2=Grant, P. |date=September 2006 |title=A review of radio channel sounding techniques |conference=[[EUSIPCO]] |issn=2219-5491 |url=ht ...

{{Short description|Map of radio signal strength in an area}} ...how [[radio wave]]s spread across a geographical region. The main types of radio maps are ''signal strength maps'' and ''propagation maps''. Signal strength ...

...at may affect in [[baseband]] receiver design. In designing a [[baseband]] receiver, we should notice not only the degradation invoked by non-ideal [[channel ( ...nd the [[Doppler effect]] as the [[transmitter]] or the [[Receiver (radio)|receiver]] is moving. ...

{{Short description|Problem affecting a class of radio receivers}} ...ingle mixing stage.{{efn|This contrasts with a traditional superheterodyne receiver, which needs an [[intermediate frequency]] stage between RF and baseband, a ...

...] (ISI). It approaches the performance of a [[maximum a posteriori]] (MAP) receiver via iterative [[message passing]] between a [[soft-in soft-out]] (SISO) [[E ...l-00703645/file/ett95.pdf}}</ref> In particular, they formulated the ISI receiver problem as a turbo code decoding problem, where the channel is thought of a ...

...on of PU²RC is mathematically described for the transmitter and receiver sides, respectively. ===Receiver side=== ...

{{Short description|Type of fading for radio and other electromagnetic waves.}} ...cations or times. TWDP models fading due to the interference of two strong radio signals and numerous smaller, diffuse signals. ...

The '''color killer''' is an electronic stage in color [[TV]] receiver sets which acts as a cutting circuit to cut off color processing when the T When a receiver is tuned to a monochrome transmission, the displayed scene should have no c ...

of the radio wave (as it is already Even if the symbol was arbitrary up to <math>t_{lc}</math>, the receiver ...