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...ss model (network theory)|Fitness model]] can reproduce many properties of real-life networks by assuming [[preferential attachment]] and incremental growt ...k model]]s can explain this phenomenon while also retaining the scale-free property.<ref>Komjathy, J ...

...string of decimal digits is actually a [[decimal representation]] for some real number. Depending on the [[construction of the real numbers]] used, completeness may take the form of an [[axiom]] (the '''comp ...

...d as the difference between a [[real fluid]] property and an [[ideal gas]] property, both considered at the same [[density]], [[temperature]], and [[wikt:compo ...he property for an [[ideal gas]], and <math>X^{res}</math> is the residual property. The reference state is typically incorporated into the ideal gas contribut ...

== Substitution property of equality == ...BN|1402006098}}.</ref> also called [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|''Leibniz's Law'']].<ref>Deutsch, Harry and Pawel Garbacz, "Relative Identity", The Stanfor ...

...e size network due to structural limitations (such as the [[simple graph]] property). Networks with vertices with degree higher than the structural cut-off wi which is finite in any real network. ...

...p://real-estate.laws.com/common-area Common Area]. laws.com retrieved from real-estate.laws.com Accessed 28 November 2012.</ref> ...|encyclopedia=definitions.uslegal.com |title=Landlord Tenant Common Areas Law & Legal Definition |url=http://definitions.uslegal.com/l/landlord-tenant-co ...

...prototypical example where the pseudo-order formulation becomes crucial. A real number is less than another if [[there exists]] (one can construct) a ratio ...in a constructive context, the usual [[trichotomy (mathematics)|trichotomy law]] does not hold, i.e. it is not automatically provable. The axioms in the c ...

...orm that has an infinite orthonormal set is a [[Hilbert space]] over the [[real number]]s, [[complex number]]s or [[quaternion]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= ...vision ring]] over which the Hilbert space is defined] is forced to be the real numbers, complex numbers or quaternions.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Writi ...

In the [[history of mathematics]], the '''principle of permanence''', or '''law of the permanence of equivalent forms''', was the idea that [[algebraic ope <blockquote>132. Let us again recur to this principle or law of the ''permanence of equivalent forms'', and consider it when stated in t ...

...omorphism]] of the circle <math>S^1</math>, whose points are labelled by a real coordinate <math>x</math> subject to the identification <math>x\sim x+2\pi< ...ned by a specific [[Group cohomology#Definitions|two-cocycle]], which is a real-valued function <math>\mathsf{C}(f,g)</math> of pairs of diffeomorphisms. S ...

...significant impact on the [[network topology]]. Hubs can be found in many real networks, such as the [[brain]]<ref name="10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012">{{cit ...k to a node with a high degree ''k'' is characterized by [[Power law|power-law distribution]] (also known as rich-gets-richer process). This idea was intr ...

...al network model is part of the scale-free model family sharing their main property of having proportionally more hubs among the nodes than by random generatio ...ale-free topology and high clustering into one single model. Since several real-life networks ([[Metabolic network modelling|metabolic networks]], the [[Pr ...

...ft |\int_X f(x)\,d\mu(x) \right | \leq \int_X |f(x)| \, d\mu(x)</math> for real- and complex-valued functions generalises to Pettis integrals in the follow An important property is that the Pettis integral with respect to a finite measure is contained i ...

...implest [[thermodynamic equations]]. More precisely, it is a thermodynamic property relation, since it holds true for any system and connects the equation of s ...irectly from the thermodynamic equation of state if we use the [[ideal gas law]] <math>pV = nRT</math>. We have ...

The physicochemical flow process will involve various physical property changes and [[chemical reaction]]s in contrast to the basic Newtonian fluid ...nterface science (2019), 539, 379-387 </ref> However, the use of [[Darcy's law]] alone does not produce accurate results for heterogeneous media like shal ...

...th>t</math> and all possible queue vectors <math>Q(t)</math> the following property holds: ...rivals and service at each queue satisfies the following property for some real number <math>\varepsilon>0</math>: ...

...xponential distribution|exponential]]; some [[power law distribution|power law]] distributions also satisfy regularity.<ref name=Roughgarden14>{{cite jour ...ions distributions are regular, the virtual valuations are monotone in the real valuations, which implies that the transformation to virtual valuations is ...

| long_title = To define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts. {{Contract law}} ...

In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], the '''law of the unconscious statistician''', or '''LOTUS''', is a theorem which expr The form of the law depends on the type of random variable {{mvar|X}} in question. If the dist ...

...c'' in ''G'' such that the binary operation obeys the left gyroassociative law: ''a'' <math>\oplus</math> (''b'' <math>\oplus</math> ''c'') = (''a'' <math #The gyroautomorphism gyr[''a'',''b''] has the left [[loop (algebra)|loop]] property gyr[''a'',''b''] = gyr[''a'' <math>\oplus</math> ''b'',''b''] ...