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...ection in Populations with Applications to the Human|journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics|date=1 September 2000|volume=1|issue=1|pages=53 ==Neutral Evolution== ...

A '''Rivlin–Ericksen''' temporal evolution of the [[Strain-rate tensor|strain rate tensor]] such that the derivative translates and rotates with the flow fiel ...r2=Noll, Walter |name-list-style=amp | title=The Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics | publisher=Springer | year=2004 | isbn= 978-3-662-10388-3}} ...

...ions, from comparing human [[gait]]s to observing the change in efficiency of trains over time. It is calculated in one of two ways, both shown in the following definition: ...

...values of <math>x_1</math>, around the Foias constant <math>\alpha</math>. Evolution for <math>x_1 = \alpha</math> is in green. Other initial values lead to two ...equence [[divergent sequence|diverges]] to infinity. For all other values of ''x''₁, the sequence is divergent as well, but it has two [[accu ...

{{Short description|Model of molecular evolution}} ...lation and for the estimation of [[genetic distance]]s between populations of interest. ...

...] dynamics. Where ''N'' is the population of a prey species and ''P'' that of a predator, the population dynamics are described by the following two equa ...nce|doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80211-5|volume=139|issue = 3|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|pages=311–326|year = 1989|last1 = Arditi|first1 = Roger ...

{{Short description|Change of time of the value of an integral}} ...]], as well as the [[integrand]], are [[Function (mathematics)|functions]] of a particular parameter. In physical applications, that parameter is frequen ...

...volution strategies]], they iteratively update the (continuous) parameters of a ''search distribution'' by following the natural gradient towards higher ...re the (local) structure of the fitness function. For example, in the case of a [[Gaussian distribution]], this comprises the mean and the [[covariance m ...

...brightness from maximum light to the point at which the luminosity decline rate changes. β is ...his parameter is justified by the fact that, at that time, the probability of discovering a supernova before the maximum light, and obtain the full light ...

...he dynamic gravitation in classical physics provides a novel understanding of the universe.}} ...of gravitational lensing, the mechanism of bullet clusters, the formation of spiral, ring, bar, X and shell structures, as well as the principles govern ...

...'' in [[accelerator physics]] is a function related to the transverse size of the particle beam at the location s along the nominal beam trajectory. * <math>\sigma(s)</math> is the width parameter of this [[Gaussian_function|Gaussian]] ...

...rength and tend to exhibit progressive damage under load due to the growth of [[Fracture mechanics|microfracture]]s. ...aterials'', '''High-Pressure Science and Technology''', American Institute of Physics.</ref> or, more accurately, the Johnson-Holmquist damage material m ...

...Method for describing the mutation rates for genes through the observation of phenotypes}} ...The method involves the maintenance of many mutation accumulation lineages of the organism studied, and it is therefore labor intensive. ...

The '''magnetic diffusivity''' controls the rate of [[Magnetic diffusion|magnetic field diffusion]]. ...equation|evolution equation for the magnetic field]] is analogous to that of the [[viscosity]] for the velocity field, some authors<ref>{{cite book |las ...

{{Short description|Mathematical model of instability in the atmosphere}} ...nt [[Shear (fluid)|shear]] in the [[zonal and meridional|zonal]] component of the mean state wind; the mean state zonal wind varies linearly with altitud ...

...e a simplified description of erosion rate as a function of [[power laws]] of upstream drainage area, ''A'', and channel slope, ''S'': ...e value of these parameters depends on the assumptions made, but all forms of the law can be expressed in this basic form. ...

...stical bias creates an [[illusion]] of a true slow-down of diversification rate through time. ...18}}</ref> This gives rise to an exponential distribution, with the number of species in a particular [[clade]] ''N'' at any time ''t'' given by ...

{{Short description|Extension of the classical tensor calculus}} ...:Dannebrog.jpg|thumb|200px|The surface of a flag in the wind is an example of a deforming manifold.]] ...

...ution]]s was introduced by Mudholkar and Srivastava (1993) as an extension of the [[Weibull distribution|Weibull family]] obtained by adding a second [[s ...second shape parameter and λ&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 is the ''[[scale parameter]]'' of the distribution. ...

...cal effects depending on the carrier-envelope phase fall into the category of highly [[nonlinear optics]]. ...n-CEOPhase.svg|thumbnail|400px|'''CEP in the time domain:''' A pulse train of five consecutive pulses with linearly varying CEP is depicted. Depending on ...