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...er density at a distance '''d''' from this source<ref>''Reference data for radio Engineers'', Howard W.Sams co, Indianapolis, 1956, 27-7</ref> *[[Antenna (radio)]] ...

{{Short description|Map of radio signal strength in an area}} ...eived power]] at each location. In turn, propagation maps characterize the propagation [[Communication channel|channel]] between arbitrary ''pairs'' of locations. ...

{{Short description|Mathematical model}} [[File:Grafica 2 ingles.svg|thumb|284x284px|Characteristic rays of the model]] ...

'''Channel sounding''' is a technique that evaluates a radio environment for [[wireless communication]], especially [[MIMO]] systems. Be ...1=Laurenson, D. |author2=Grant, P. |date=September 2006 |title=A review of radio channel sounding techniques |conference=[[EUSIPCO]] |issn=2219-5491 |url=ht ...

{{Short description|Models signal dispersion by representing the radio propagation environment by a graph}} ...) and six scatterers S1-S6. An edge is drawn from one vertex to another if propagation is possible.]] ...

{{Short description|Mathematical model}} [[File:Six-ray model.svg|thumb|336x336px|Geometry of the six-ray model with location of antennas of equal heights at any point of the street in to ...

...=":2">{{Cite book |last=Crane |first=Robert K. |title=Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain |publisher=Wiley |year=1996 |isbn=9780471613763 |edition=1st | ...attenuation time series at EHF |journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |publication-date=2020 |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=5592–5601}}</ref>'' ...

{{Short description|Multipath radio propagation model}} ...of sight propagation|line of sight (LOS)]]. Generally, the two [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] each have different height. The received signal having two compo ...

...me=121|issue=4|pages=264|doi= 10.1049/piee.1974.0051}}</ref><br />Standard model of the [[Kennelly–Heaviside layer|Heaviside layer]] (or E-layer) of the [[I ...flection]] of the Heaviside layer (or E-layer) of the [[Ionosphere]]. This model was based on jointly published work with Stamatis Kouris from the early 197 ...

...of propagation serves as the medium between the [[transmitter]] and the [[Radio receiver|receiver]]. The characteristics of this channel largely dictate th ...t only the ground-based elements of the link encounter obstacles affecting propagation.<ref name="Tutorial"/> ...

{{Short description|Type of fading for radio and other electromagnetic waves.}} ...cations or times. TWDP models fading due to the interference of two strong radio signals and numerous smaller, diffuse signals. ...

...ed to derive the secondary constants of [[characteristic impedance]] and [[propagation constant]]. ...ted by ''R'' and ''C'' only. High frequency applications, such as [[Radio frequency|RF]] [[co-axial cable]], are dominated by ''L'' and ''C''. Lines [[loading ...

...must be negligible compared to the reverberant field, avoiding privileged propagation.<ref name="potel">{{cite book|first1=Catherine |last1=Potel|first2=Michel|l Many theoretical ways to model sound propagation are used. One of these is the geometrical approach. This represents sound w ...

...r instance, the optical depth for seawater at the 1.413&nbsp;GHz microwave frequency, used for the Aquarius mission, is about 1–2&nbsp;cm.<ref name=barale /> ...object's temperature and the measured radiance can be related, at a given frequency, through the [[Planck function]] (or [[Planck's law]]). ...

...the fluid is the coronal plasma. Observed properties of the waves (e.g. [[frequency|period]], [[wavelength]], [[amplitude]], temporal and spatial signatures (w ...rm in the transverse direction and extended along the magnetic field. This model works well for the description of a number of plasma structures observed in ...

...veguide''' or '''laminated waveguide''') is a synthetic [[Waveguide (radio frequency)|rectangular electromagnetic waveguide]] formed in a [[dielectric]] substra ...S 2003 |chapter=The substrate integrated circuits - a new concept for high-frequency electronics and optoelectronics |date=2003 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore. ...

...ages" (BSMs) to all the other vehicles in its communication range with the frequency of 10 BSMs/second. These messages include information about the sender vehi ...und the map in VANETs, to perform the localization. These RSUs have a wide radio range that allows the defense mechanism to be able to monitor a lot of vehi ...

...nsist of an array of unit cells placed above a source (feeding) [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]].<ref name=abdelrahman/> Phase shifts are applied to the unit cel ...l stub|Radial stubs]] were used to isolate the bias lines from the [[Radio frequency|RF]]. By switching combinations of meta-elements on or off, the scan loss w ...

...nsmitting antennas and their feed lines; high [[standing wave ratio]] on a radio or TV antenna can distort the signal, increase transmission line loss and p The slotted line is one of the basic instruments used in [[radio frequency]] test and measurement at [[microwave]] frequencies. It consists of a prec ...

A [[Nonlinear optics|nonlinear]] Rayleigh−Gans−Debye model was used to investigate [[second-harmonic generation]] in [[malachite green ...ce of Spherical Colloidal Particles. II: The Nonlinear Rayleigh−Gans−Debye Model |journal= [[The Journal of Physical Chemistry C]] |volume=114 |issue= 10|pa ...