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...er density at a distance '''d''' from this source<ref>''Reference data for radio Engineers'', Howard W.Sams co, Indianapolis, 1956, 27-7</ref> *[[Antenna (radio)]] ...

{{Short description|Map of radio signal strength in an area}} ...eived power]] at each location. In turn, propagation maps characterize the propagation [[Communication channel|channel]] between arbitrary ''pairs'' of locations. ...

...ton |first=Kenneth A. |date=January 1953 |title=Transmission Loss in Radio Propagation |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=146–152 |doi=10. ...[sound intensity]] that is reduced by a wall or other structure at a given frequency. ...

'''Channel sounding''' is a technique that evaluates a radio environment for [[wireless communication]], especially [[MIMO]] systems. Be ...1=Laurenson, D. |author2=Grant, P. |date=September 2006 |title=A review of radio channel sounding techniques |conference=[[EUSIPCO]] |issn=2219-5491 |url=ht ...

...efinition we can characterize the multi-port [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]]’s frequency [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] and [[radiation]] performance. * [[Antenna (radio)]] ...

...cal lens''' is a commonly used [[Lens (optics)|lens]] for [[Extremely high frequency|millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation]]. Such lenses are typically fabr ...ispherical Lenses Based on Ray Tracing |journal=IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters |date=2016|volume=15 |page=1963 |doi=10.1109/LAWP.2016.2545858 |bib ...

...-rays model''' is a [[mathematical model]] applied to the transmissions of radio signal in an urban area, ...one to three reflections: specifically, there is the LOS ([[Line-of-sight propagation|Line of sight]]), GR (ground reflected), SW (single-wall reflected), DW (do ...

{{Short description|Models signal dispersion by representing the radio propagation environment by a graph}} ...) and six scatterers S1-S6. An edge is drawn from one vertex to another if propagation is possible.]] ...

...ower. Likewise, in a receiving antenna it describes the proportion of the radio wave's power intercepted by the antenna which is actually delivered as an e ...145" /> It is sometimes expressed as a percentage (less than 100), and is frequency dependent. It can also be described in [[decibels]]. The [[Antenna gain|gai ...

...lection coefficient is usually determined from unit cell analysis in the [[frequency domain]], where the phase shift over the [[unit cell]] (progressive phase s ...itle=The active element pattern |journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |date=1994 |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=1176–1178|doi=10.1109/8.310010 |bibco ...

...model''' is applied in an urban or indoor environment where a [[Radio wave|radio signal]] transmitted will encounter some objects that produce reflected, [[ This model approaches the propagation of [[electromagnetic waves]] by representing [[wavefront]] as simple partic ...

...=":2">{{Cite book |last=Crane |first=Robert K. |title=Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain |publisher=Wiley |year=1996 |isbn=9780471613763 |edition=1st | ...attenuation time series at EHF |journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |publication-date=2020 |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=5592–5601}}</ref>'' ...

...tic]] wave on moving particles with a specific [[frequency]]. The observed frequency shift is a good indicator of the velocity of the illuminated moving particl ...e relative motion. Thus, from the perspective of an observer, the observed frequency shift can be used to derive the velocity of illuminated moving particles.<r ...

...most popular, while ''[[logarithmic spiral]] antennas'' are independent of frequency:<ref> ...bandwidth.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Paul E. |last=Mayes |year=1992 |title=Frequency-independent antennas and broad-band derivatives thereof |journal=Proceeding ...

...') consists of an array of unit cells, illuminated by a feeding [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] (source of [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic waves]]). ...e reflection [[Phase (waves)|phase]] <math>\angle S_{11}</math> across the frequency [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of operation. When designing a ...

{{Short description|Multipath radio propagation model}} ...of sight propagation|line of sight (LOS)]]. Generally, the two [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] each have different height. The received signal having two compo ...

...itle=Relation between sunspot number and the Ionospheric index IF2|journal=Radio Science|volume=3|issue=11|pages=1109–1110|bibcode = 1968RaSc....3.1109M |do ...ournal|volume=42|pages=413–418|bibcode = 1975ITUTJ..42..413M }}</ref> of [[radio wave]] [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]] and [[Reflecti ...

...of propagation serves as the medium between the [[transmitter]] and the [[Radio receiver|receiver]]. The characteristics of this channel largely dictate th ...t only the ground-based elements of the link encounter obstacles affecting propagation.<ref name="Tutorial"/> ...

...ed to derive the secondary constants of [[characteristic impedance]] and [[propagation constant]]. ...ted by ''R'' and ''C'' only. High frequency applications, such as [[Radio frequency|RF]] [[co-axial cable]], are dominated by ''L'' and ''C''. Lines [[loading ...

...must be negligible compared to the reverberant field, avoiding privileged propagation.<ref name="potel">{{cite book|first1=Catherine |last1=Potel|first2=Michel|l Many theoretical ways to model sound propagation are used. One of these is the geometrical approach. This represents sound w ...